158. Read N Characters Given Read4 II - Call multiple times

Given a file and assume that you can only read the file using a given method read4, implement a method read to read n characters. Your method read may be called multiple times.

Method read4:

The API read4 reads 4 consecutive characters from the file, then writes those characters into the buffer array buf.

The return value is the number of actual characters read.

Note that read4() has its own file pointer, much like FILE *fp in C.

Definition of read4:

    Parameter:  char[] buf
    Returns:    int

Note: buf[] is destination not source, the results from read4 will be copied to buf[]

Below is a high level example of how read4 works:

File file("abcdefghijk"); // File is "abcdefghijk", initially file pointer (fp) points to 'a'
char[] buf = new char[4]; // Create buffer with enough space to store characters
read4(buf); // read4 returns 4. Now buf = "abcd", fp points to 'e'
read4(buf); // read4 returns 4. Now buf = "efgh", fp points to 'i'
read4(buf); // read4 returns 3. Now buf = "ijk", fp points to end of file 

Method read:

By using the read4 method, implement the method read that reads n characters from the file and store it in the buffer array buf. Consider that you cannot manipulate the file directly.

The return value is the number of actual characters read.

Definition of read:

Parameters:	char[] buf, int n
Returns:	int

Note: buf[] is destination not source, you will need to write the results to buf[]

Example 1:

File file("abc");
Solution sol;
// Assume buf is allocated and guaranteed to have enough space for storing all characters from the file.
sol.read(buf, 1); // After calling your read method, buf should contain "a". We read a total of 1 character from the file, so return 1.
sol.read(buf, 2); // Now buf should contain "bc". We read a total of 2 characters from the file, so return 2.
sol.read(buf, 1); // We have reached the end of file, no more characters can be read. So return 0.

Example 2:

File file("abc");
Solution sol;
sol.read(buf, 4); // After calling your read method, buf should contain "abc". We read a total of 3 characters from the file, so return 3.
sol.read(buf, 1); // We have reached the end of file, no more characters can be read. So return 0.

Note:

1. Consider that you cannot manipulate the file directly, the file is only accesible for read4 but not for read.
2. The read function may be called multiple times.
3. Please remember to RESET your class variables declared in Solution, as static/class variables are persisted across multiple test cases. Please see here for more details.
4. You may assume the destination buffer array, buf, is guaranteed to have enough space for storing n characters.
5. It is guaranteed that in a given test case the same buffer buf is called by read.

方法1:

思路：

为了尽量减少内存的占用，“Just keep copying as long as more is both desired and available (read more on the fly when needed).” ——Stefan。

我们创建一个大小只有4的array “buffer[4]”，因为每次也只能读这么多。同时keep一个readPos（当前buffer中正在读取的位置）和一个writePos（当前buffer的终点+1）。这样我们可以从0…n开始遍历buf，每次在 i 位置上写入。那么主要应对两种情况：1. 读入结束，也就是read4(buffer)已经小于4，这个小范围内我们照常填入buf[i] = buffer[readPos++]。而当下一次读取，会读到tmp = 0。那么此时说明所要求的n大于file长度了，应该返回的是当前的 i；2. 最后一次writePost还没有被readPos追上，循环就结束了，此时说明顺利读取了n个字符，返回n。

// Forward declaration of the read4 API.
int read4(char *buf);

class Solution {
private:
    char buffer[4];
    int readPos = 0, writePos = 0;
public:
    /**
     * @param buf Destination buffer
     * @param n   Number of characters to read
     * @return    The number of actual characters read
     */
    
    int read(char *buf, int n) {
        int i = 0;
        while (i < n) {
            if (readPos == writePos) {
                int tmp = read4(buffer);
                if (tmp == 0) return i;
                writePos = tmp;
                readPos = 0;
            }
            buf[i++] = buffer[readPos++];
        }
        return i;
    }
};