Linux 网络编程常用函数和结构速查

 第一部分：常用结构
struct sockaddr {
        u_short    sa_family;
        char      sa_data[14];
}; 
struct sockaddr_in {
        short  sin_family;
        u_short sin_port;
        struct  in_addr sin_addr;
        char    sin_zero[8];
};

struct sockaddr_in {
  sa_family_t    sin_family; /* address family: AF_INET */
  u_int16_t      sin_port;  /* port in network byte order */
  struct in_addr  sin_addr;  /* internet address */
};

/* Internet address. */
struct in_addr {
  u_int32_t      s_addr;    /* address in network byte order */
};

第二部分：协议类型
  Name                Purpose                          Man page
  PF_UNIX, PF_LOCAL  Local communication              unix(7)
  PF_INET            IPv4 Internet protocols          ip(7)
  PF_INET6            IPv6 Internet protocols
  PF_IPX              IPX - Novell protocols
  PF_NETLINK          Kernel user interface device    netlink(7)
  PF_X25              ITU-T X.25 / ISO-8208 protocol  x25(7)
  PF_AX25            Amateur radio AX.25 protocol
  PF_ATMPVC          Access to raw ATM PVCs
  PF_APPLETALK        Appletalk                        ddp(7)
  PF_PACKET          Low level packet interface      packet(7)
 
第三部分：socket类型
  SOCK_STREAM
          Provides sequenced,  reliable,  two-way,  connection-based  byte
          streams.  An out-of-band data transmission mechanism may be sup-
          ported.

  SOCK_DGRAM
          Supports datagrams (connectionless,  unreliable  messages  of  a
          fixed maximum length).

  SOCK_SEQPACKET
          Provides  a  sequenced,  reliable, two-way connection-based data
          transmission path for datagrams of fixed maximum length; a  con-
          sumer is required to read an entire packet with each read system
          call.

  SOCK_RAW
          Provides raw network protocol access.

  SOCK_RDM
          Provides a reliable  datagram  layer  that  does  not  guarantee
          ordering.

  SOCK_PACKET
          Obsolete  and should not be used in new programs; see packet(7).

  Some socket types may not be implemented by all protocol families;  for
  example, SOCK_SEQPACKET is not implemented for AF_INET.

第四部分：函数
==============================================================================
NAME
      socket - create an endpoint for communication

SYNOPSIS
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <sys/socket.h>

      int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);

RETURN VALUE
      -1 is returned if an error occurs; otherwise  the  return  value  is  a
      descriptor referencing the socket.
     
==============================================================================
NAME
      connect - initiate a connection on a socket
SYNOPSIS
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <sys/socket.h>

      int  connect(int  sockfd,  const  struct sockaddr *serv_addr, socklen_t
      addrlen);
     
RETURN VALUE
      If  the connection or binding succeeds, zero is returned.  On error, -1
      is returned, and errno is set appropriately.     
==============================================================================
NAME
      bind - bind a name to a socket

SYNOPSIS
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <sys/socket.h>

      int bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *my_addr, socklen_t addrlen);     
RETURN VALUE
      On  success,  zero is returned.  On error, -1 is returned, and errno is
      set appropriately. 
                 
==============================================================================
NAME
      accept - accept a connection on a socket

SYNOPSIS
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <sys/socket.h>

      int accept(int s, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);

RETURN VALUE
      The call returns -1 on error.  If it succeeds, it returns  a  non-nega-
      tive integer that is a descriptor for the accepted socket.

==============================================================================
NAME
      send, sendto, sendmsg - send a message from a socket

SYNOPSIS
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <sys/socket.h>

      ssize_t send(int s, const void *msg, size_t len, int flags);
      ssize_t  sendto(int  s,  const  void *msg, size_t len, int flags, const
      struct sockaddr *to, socklen_t tolen);
      ssize_t sendmsg(int s, const struct msghdr *msg, int flags);
         
RETURN VALUE
      The calls return the number of characters  sent,  or  -1  if  an  error
      occurred.


==============================================================================
NAME
      recv, recvfrom, recvmsg - receive a message from a socket

SYNOPSIS
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <sys/socket.h>

      ssize_t recv(int s, void *buf, size_t len, int flags);

      ssize_t  recvfrom(int s, void *buf, size_t len, int flags, struct sock-
      addr *from, socklen_t *fromlen);

      ssize_t recvmsg(int s, struct msghdr *msg, int flags);

RETURN VALUE
      These calls return the number of bytes received,  or  -1  if  an  error
      occurred.

==============================================================================
NAME
      getpeername - get name of connected peer socket

SYNOPSIS
      #include <sys/socket.h>

      int getpeername(int s, struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t *namelen);     

RETURN VALUE
      On  success,  zero is returned.  On error, -1 is returned, and errno is
      set appropriately.

==============================================================================
NAME
      getsockname - get socket name

SYNOPSIS
      #include <sys/socket.h>

      int getsockname(int s, struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t *namelen);

RETURN VALUE
      On success, zero is returned.  On error, -1 is returned, and  errno  is
      set appropriately.

==============================================================================
NAME
      select,  pselect,  FD_CLR,  FD_ISSET, FD_SET, FD_ZERO - synchronous I/O
      multiplexing

SYNOPSIS
      /* According to POSIX 1003.1-2001 */
      #include <sys/select.h>

      /* According to earlier standards */
      #include <sys/time.h>
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <unistd.h>

      int select(int n, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds,
      struct timeval *timeout);

      int  pselect(int  n,  fd_set  *readfds,  fd_set  *writefds,  fd_set
      *exceptfds, const struct timespec *timeout, const sigset_t *sigmask);

      FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set);
      FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set);
      FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set);
      FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);

RETURN VALUE
      On success, select and pselect return the number  of  descriptors  con-
      tained in the descriptor sets, which may be zero if the timeout expires
      before anything interesting happens.  On error,  -1  is  returned,  and
      errno  is  set appropriately; the sets and timeout become undefined, so
      do not rely on their contents after an error.
     
ERRORS
      EBADF  An invalid file descriptor was given in one of the sets.

      EINTR  A non blocked signal was caught.

      EINVAL n is negative or the value contained within timeout is  invalid.

      ENOMEM select was unable to allocate memory for internal tables.

EXAMPLE
      #include <stdio.h>
      #include <sys/time.h>
      #include <sys/types.h>
      #include <unistd.h>

      int
      main(void) {
          fd_set rfds;
          struct timeval tv;
          int retval;

          /* Watch stdin (fd 0) to see when it has input. */
          FD_ZERO(&rfds);
          FD_SET(0, &rfds);
          /* Wait up to five seconds. */
          tv.tv_sec = 5;
          tv.tv_usec = 0;

          retval = select(1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
          /* Don鈥檛 rely on the value of tv now! */

          if (retval == -1)
              perror("select()");
          else if (retval)
              printf("Data is available now./n");
              /* FD_ISSET(0, &rfds) will be true. */
          else
              printf("No data within five seconds./n");

          return 0;
      }