1. 概念
数组（Array）是有限个相同类型的变量所组成的有序集合，数组中的每一个变量被称为元素。数组是最为简单、最为常用的数据结构。
2.存储原理
数组用一组连续的内存空间来存储一组具有相同类型的数据。
3. 操作
3.1 读取
int a=nums[2];
3.2 更新
nums[2]=7;
3.3 插入
3.3.1 尾插
这里说的尾插法，即数组末尾有空余位置，元素插入到数组末尾空闲位置。和更新语法相同
nums[7]=3
3.3.2 中间插入
假设数据的实际元素数量小于数组长度，由于数组的每一个元素都有其固定下标，所以首先把插入位置及后面的元素向后移动，腾出地方，再把要插入的元素放到对应的数组位置上。
假设往数组p位置插入元素n:
public void insertMiddle(int p, int n) {
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i >= p - 1; i--) {
//能取得值
if (nums[i] != 0) {
nums[i + 1] = nums[i];
}
}
nums[p - 1] = n;
}
3.3.3 超范围插入
假如现在有一个数组，已经装满了元素，这时还想插入一个新元素，或者插入位置是越界的。这时就要对原数组进行扩容：可以创建一个新数组，长度是旧数组的2倍，再把旧数组中的元素统统复制过去，这样就实现了数组的扩容。
public void insertOutOfBounds(int p,int n){
//数组扩容
int[] numsNew=new int[nums.length*2];
//数据复制
System.arraycopy(nums,0,numsNew,0,nums.length);
//引用复制
nums=numsNew;
nums[p-1]=n;
}
3.4 删除
数组的删除操作和插入操作的过程相反，其后的元素都需要向前挪动1位
public void delete(int p){
for(int i=p;i<nums.length;i++){
nums[i-1]=nums[i];
}
}
4. 时间复杂度
- 读取和更新都是随机访问，所以是O(1)
- 插入数组扩容的时间复杂度是O(n)，插入并移动元素的时间复杂度也是O(n)，综合起来插入操作的时间复杂度是O(n)。
- 删除操作，只涉及元素的移动，时间复杂度也是O(n)
5.优缺点
5.1 优点：
数组拥有非常高效的随机访问能力，只要给出下标，就可以用常量时间找到对应元素
5.2 缺点：
- 插入和删除元素方面。由于数组元素连续紧密地存储在内存中，插入、删除元素都会导致大量元素被迫移动，影响效率。
- 申请的空间必须是连续的，也就是说即使有空间也可能因为没有足够的连续空间而创建失败
- 如果超出范围，需要重新申请内存进行存储，原空间就浪费了
6. 应用
ArrayList、Redis、消息队列等等。
7. Arraylist 源码解析
7.1 Arraylist源码注释
package java.util;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
import sun.misc.SharedSecrets;
/**
* Resizable-array implementation of the <tt>List</tt> interface. Implements
* all optional list operations, and permits all elements, including
* <tt>null</tt>. In addition to implementing the <tt>List</tt> interface,
* this class provides methods to manipulate the size of the array that is
* used internally to store the list. (This class is roughly equivalent to
* <tt>Vector</tt>, except that it is unsynchronized.)
* <p>
* List接口的一种实现，可实现重置数组长度。实现了所有可选list操作，允许包括null在内的元素。
* 除了实现List接口，这个类提供了调整 存储元素的数组 的大小的方法。
* 这个类和Vector 很相似，但是ArrayList不是线程安全的
*
* <p>The <tt>size</tt>, <tt>isEmpty</tt>, <tt>get</tt>, <tt>set</tt>,
* <tt>iterator</tt>, and <tt>listIterator</tt> operations run in constant
* time. The <tt>add</tt> operation runs in <i>amortized constant time</i>,
* that is, adding n elements requires O(n) time. All of the other operations
* run in linear time (roughly speaking). The constant factor is low compared
* to that for the <tt>LinkedList</tt> implementation.
* <p>
* size, isEmpty, get, set, iterator, and listIterator 花费时间固定，时间复杂度为O(1)
* 添加操作 按固定时间摊销，这是因为，添加元素的时间复杂度为O(n)
* 粗略的说，这个类其他方法操作时间复杂度是线性的。
* 与Linkedlist 相比，Arraylsit 常数因子比较低，即花费时间更少
*
* <p>Each <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance has a <i>capacity</i>. The capacity is
* the size of the array used to store the elements in the list. It is always
* at least as large as the list size. As elements are added to an ArrayList,
* its capacity grows automatically. The details of the growth policy are not
* specified beyond the fact that adding an element has constant amortized
* time cost.
* <p>
* 每个Arraylist 实例有一个容量capacity，这个容量是list中存储元素的数组的大小length。它总是至少和这个list的大小size一样大。
* 当元素添加到ArrayList中的时候，他的容量逐渐自动增长。
* 除了添加元素要花费O(n)的时间事实，扩容策略的细节没有明确规定
*
* <p>An application can increase the capacity of an <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance
* before adding a large number of elements using the <tt>ensureCapacity</tt>
* operation. This may reduce the amount of incremental reallocation.
* <p>
* 应用可以使用 方法ensureCapacity 增加arraylist容量，在添加大量元素之前。这可以减少额外的重新分配扩容数组的次数。
*
* <p><strong>Note that this implementation is not synchronized.</strong>
* If multiple threads access an <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance concurrently,
* and at least one of the threads modifies the list structurally, it
* <i>must</i> be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is
* any operation that adds or deletes one or more elements, or explicitly
* resizes the backing array; merely setting the value of an element is not
* a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by
* synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the list.
* <p>
* 注意这个实现不是线程安全的。如果多个线程并发的访问同一个ArrayList对象，而且至少其中一个线程修改了这个这个list的结构。
* 那客户端必须自己在list外面实现同步。（一个结构性的修改包括，添加或者删除一个或者多个元素，
* 或者明确的调整了底层数组的大小，注意，仅仅设置元素不是一个结构性调整）
* 通常是通过给相同的对象加锁实现 todo
* <p>
* <p>
* If no such object exists, the list should be "wrapped" using the
* {@link Collections#synchronizedList Collections.synchronizedList}
* method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
* unsynchronized access to the list:<pre>
* List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList(...));</pre>
* <p>
* 如果没有这样的对象存在，这个list对象应该用 Collections.synchronizedList 包装。
* 最好在创建这个list的时候就这样做。来防止对集合出乎意料的非同步访问
* List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList(...));
*
* <p><a name="fail-fast">
* The iterators returned by this class's {@link #iterator() iterator} and
* {@link #listIterator(int) listIterator} methods are <em>fail-fast</em>:</a>
* if the list is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is
* created, in any way except through the iterator's own
* {@link ListIterator#remove() remove} or
* {@link ListIterator#add(Object) add} methods, the iterator will throw a
* {@link ConcurrentModificationException}. Thus, in the face of
* concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather
* than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined
* time in the future.
* <p>
* 通过方法listIterator，iterator 返回的迭代器是快速失败的。如果在迭代器创建后，
* 除了使用迭代器自己的 ListIterator#remove() ，ListIterator#add(Object) 修改list对象结构
* 其他任何方式，任何时候，修改了这个list对象结构
* 迭代器会抛出ConcurrentModificationException 异常
* 因此，面对并发修改，迭代器快速而干净的失败。而不是在将来不确定的时间节点，出现可能的风险，不确定性行为
*
*
*
* <p>Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
* as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
* presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
* throw {@code ConcurrentModificationException} on a best-effort basis.
* Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
* exception for its correctness: <i>the fail-fast behavior of iterators
* should be used only to detect bugs.</i>
* <p>
* 注意，迭代器的快速失败行为不能确保一定生效。通常来说，在一个不加同步锁的并发修改中，做出任何坚决保证是不可能的。
* Fail-fast iterators 尽最大努力会抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常
* 因此，写一个 依赖这个异常 确保程序正确性 是不正确的做法，迭代器的快速失败行为应该只是用来检测bug
*
* <p>This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
* 这个类是一个 Collections 框架的成员
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Neal Gafter
* @see Collection
* @see List
* @see LinkedList
* @see Vector
* @since 1.2
*/
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
/**
* Default initial capacity.
* 默认初始化容量
*/
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
/**
* Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
* 共享的空数组实例
*/
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* Shared empty array instance used for default sized empty instances. We
* distinguish this from EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA to know how much to inflate when
* first element is added.
*
* 共享的空数组实例，有默认大小，和上面的区分开，来了解当第一个元素添加的时候，需要填充多少
*/
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
* The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
* The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
* empty ArrayList with elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
* will be expanded to DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
*
* 这个arraylist 的元素保存的 数组缓存区
* 这个arraylist对象的容量就是这个数组缓存区的长度
* 任何元素为 elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 声明的空的arraylist
* 当第一个元素被添加的时候，将被扩充到默认容量DEFAULT_CAPACITY大小
*/
transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
/**
* The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
* list包含元素个数
* @serial
*/
private int size;
/**
* Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
*
* 创建一个指定初始容量的空数组
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
* is negative
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
}
}
/**
* Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
* 创建一个容量为10 的空数组
*/
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
/**
* Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
* collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
* iterator.
* 创建一个list，包含指定集合的所有元素，元素顺序是这个集合迭代器返回的顺序
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
// replace with empty array.
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
/**
* Trims the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance to be the
* list's current size. An application can use this operation to minimize
* the storage of an <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance.
* 缩容，将Arraylist 对象的容量缩容到这个list的真实大小，
* 客户端可以通过这个操作，释放创建数组占用的剩余内存空间
*/
public void trimToSize() {
modCount++;
if (size < elementData.length) {
elementData = (size == 0)
? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
: Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
}
/**
* Increases the capacity of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance, if
* necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
* specified by the minimum capacity argument.
*
* 增加这个ArrayList对象的容量。如果必要的话，确保这个list对象可以至少保存参数指定的个数的元素
*
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
// any size if not default element table
? 0
// larger than default for default empty table. It's already
// supposed to be at default size.
: DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
}
private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
return minCapacity;
}
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity));
}
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}
/**
* The maximum size of array to allocate.
* Some VMs reserve some header words in an array.
* Attempts to allocate larger arrays may result in
* OutOfMemoryError: Requested array size exceeds VM limit
*
* 分配的数组的最大个数
* 一些虚拟机在数组上有头信息保存
* 尝试分配更大的数组可能导致oom:请求数组大小超过jvm限制
*/
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
/**
* Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
* number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
* 增加容量，确保list集合可以保存指定的容量的元素
* @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this list.
* 返回list对象的元素个数
* @return the number of elements in this list
*/
public int size() {
return size;
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains no elements.
* 如果list对象不包含元素，返回true
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains no elements
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element.
* More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this list contains
* at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>.
*
* 如果包含指定元素，返回TRUE。
* 如果比较元素为null ，看集合是否包含null，如果不为null，
* 根据元素的equals方法逐个比较，看是否有相等的，（这也是为啥我们自定义对象，集合元素做比较判断 要重写equals方法）
*
* @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contains the specified element
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return indexOf(o) >= 0;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the lowest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*
* 返回指定元素在数组中第一个出现的下标位置
* 如果没出现过，返回-1
* 如果不为null会根据equals 方法比较
*/
public int indexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (elementData[i] == null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
* in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
* More formally, returns the highest index <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>,
* or -1 if there is no such index.
*
* 返回指定元素在数组中最后一个出现的下标位置
* 如果没出现过，返回-1
* 如果不为null会根据equals 方法比较
*/
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--)
if (elementData[i] == null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Returns a shallow copy of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance. (The
* elements themselves are not copied.)
*
* 返回list对象的一个浅拷贝，浅拷贝即里面的元素对象自己不会被拷贝
*
* @return a clone of this <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance
*/
public Object clone() {
try {
ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
v.modCount = 0;
return v;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError(e);
}
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
* in proper sequence (from first to last element).
*
* <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
* maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate
* a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
*
* <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
* APIs.
*
*
* 返回一个数组包含list集合所有元素，顺序和原来保持一致
* 返回的数组是"安全"的，是因为list集合没有持有这个数组的引用
* 换句话说，这个方法必须分配创建新的数组。调用者可以自由修改返回的数组，
* 不用担心修改了会影响原来集合元素
*
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this list in
* proper sequence
*/
public Object[] toArray() {
return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper
* sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned
* array is that of the specified array. If the list fits in the
* specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is
* allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of
* this list.
*
* 返回一个数组包含list集合所有元素，顺序和原来保持一致
* 返回数组的类型是指定的，如果这个list就是这个类型，那么直接返回，否则
* 会根据指定的类型，和list大小创建一个新的数组
*
* <p>If the list fits in the specified array with room to spare
* (i.e., the array has more elements than the list), the element in
* the array immediately following the end of the collection is set to
* <tt>null</tt>. (This is useful in determining the length of the
* list <i>only</i> if the caller knows that the list does not contain
* any null elements.)
*
* 如果数组大小比list大，那么数组最后的元素会被填充为null
* 如果调用者指定list不包含空元素，这有助于确定list长度
*
*
* @param a the array into which the elements of the list are to
* be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
* same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
* @return an array containing the elements of the list
* @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
* is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
* this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a.length < size)
// Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
if (a.length > size)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
// Positional Access Operations
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E elementData(int index) {
return (E) elementData[index];
}
/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* 返回指定下标的元素
*
* @param index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
return elementData(index);
}
/**
* Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
* the specified element.
*
* 替换指定下标的元素
*
* @param index index of the element to replace
* @param element element to be stored at the specified position
* @return the element previously at the specified position
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
rangeCheck(index);
E oldValue = elementData(index);
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
*
* 添加元素到list末尾
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
* list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
* any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
*
* 插入元素到指定下标
*
* @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
* @param element element to be inserted
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}
/**
* Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
* Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
* indices).
*
* 删除指定下标的元素
*
* @param index the index of the element to be removed
* @return the element that was removed from the list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
modCount++;
E oldValue = elementData(index);
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index + 1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
return oldValue;
}
/**
* Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
* if it is present. If the list does not contain the element, it is
* unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
* <tt>i</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
* (if such an element exists). Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
* contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
* changed as a result of the call).
*
* 删除list中第一次出现元素的位置
*
* @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/*
* Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
* return the value removed.
*/
private void fastRemove(int index) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index + 1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
}
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will
* be empty after this call returns.
*
* 删除list中所有元素
*/
public void clear() {
modCount++;
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
size = 0;
}
/**
* Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
* this list, in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's Iterator. The behavior of this operation is
* undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
* is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is
* undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
* list is nonempty.)
*
* 添加集合中的所有元素到list的末尾。顺序是入参集合的迭代器返回的顺序
* 当这个操作还在进行的时候，如果指定的集合变动的话，操作的结果是无法预估的
* 这是 如果传的入参是这个list，也往这个list添加list，这次调用的结果是无法预估的
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
/**
* Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
* list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element
* currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
* the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear
* in the list in the order that they are returned by the
* specified collection's iterator.
*
* 添加指定集合中的所有元素到集合中的指定位置
* 左边的元素位置不动，右边的元素位置右移动
* 新的元素顺序和他们在指定集合中的顺序一样，即顺序保持不变
*
*
* @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
* specified collection
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
*/
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
int numMoved = size - index;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
numMoved);
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
/**
* Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between
* {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
* Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index).
* This call shortens the list by {@code (toIndex - fromIndex)} elements.
* (If {@code toIndex==fromIndex}, this operation has no effect.)
*
* 删除指定下标范围的元素
*
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex} or
* {@code toIndex} is out of range
* ({@code fromIndex < 0 ||
* fromIndex >= size() ||
* toIndex > size() ||
* toIndex < fromIndex})
*/
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - toIndex;
System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex,
numMoved);
// clear to let GC do its work
int newSize = size - (toIndex - fromIndex);
for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) {
elementData[i] = null;
}
size = newSize;
}
/**
* Checks if the given index is in range. If not, throws an appropriate
* runtime exception. This method does *not* check if the index is
* negative: It is always used immediately prior to an array access,
* which throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if index is negative.
*
* 校验给定的下标有没有在范围内。如果没有，抛出一个运行异常
* 如果给的下标是负数的话，不校验：因为如果下标是负数，访问数组的时候会马上报出数组越界异常
*
*
*/
private void rangeCheck(int index) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
/**
* A version of rangeCheck used by add and addAll.
*/
private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
if (index > size || index < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
/**
* Constructs an IndexOutOfBoundsException detail message.
* Of the many possible refactorings of the error handling code,
* this "outlining" performs best with both server and client VMs.
*
* 构造一个越界异常信息
* 在错误处理代码的许多可能设计中
* 这个概述不管在服务端还是客户端的jvm都能很好的提示
*
*/
private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
return "Index: " + index + ", Size: " + size;
}
/**
* Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the
* specified collection.
*
* 删除指定集合中所有元素
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be removed from this list
* @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
* is incompatible with the specified collection
* (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
* specified collection does not permit null elements
* (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see Collection#contains(Object)
*/
public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, false);
}
/**
* Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the
* specified collection. In other words, removes from this list all
* of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.
*
* 保留list中在指定集合中的元素，换句话说，删除list中不在指定集合中的元素
*
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be retained in this list
* @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
* is incompatible with the specified collection
* (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
* specified collection does not permit null elements
* (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see Collection#contains(Object)
*/
public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, true);
}
private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
int r = 0, w = 0;
boolean modified = false;
try {
for (; r < size; r++)
if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
} finally {
// Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
// even if c.contains() throws.
if (r != size) {
System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
elementData, w,
size - r);
w += size - r;
}
if (w != size) {
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
modCount += size - w;
size = w;
modified = true;
}
}
return modified;
}
/**
* Save the state of the <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance to a stream (that
* is, serialize it).
*
* 保存数组对象到流中，即序列化
*
* @serialData The length of the array backing the <tt>ArrayList</tt>
* instance is emitted (int), followed by all of its elements
* (each an <tt>Object</tt>) in the proper order.
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException {
// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
int expectedModCount = modCount;
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone()
s.writeInt(size);
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
/**
* Reconstitute the <tt>ArrayList</tt> instance from a stream (that is,
* deserialize it).
*
* 反序列化
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
// Read in size, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in capacity
s.readInt(); // ignored
if (size > 0) {
// be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
int capacity = calculateCapacity(elementData, size);
SharedSecrets.getJavaOISAccess().checkArray(s, Object[].class, capacity);
ensureCapacityInternal(size);
Object[] a = elementData;
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
a[i] = s.readObject();
}
}
}
/**
* Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper
* sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
* The specified index indicates the first element that would be
* returned by an initial call to {@link ListIterator#next next}.
* An initial call to {@link ListIterator#previous previous} would
* return the element with the specified index minus one.
*
* 以正确的顺序，返回list迭代器处理list中的元素，在list中的指定的位置开始
* 如果第一次调用 ListIterator#next 这里指定的下标是往后的第一个元素
* 如果第一次调用 ListIterator#previous 指定的下标减一的元素会被返回
*
*
* <p>The returned list iterator is <a href="#fail-fast"><i>fail-fast</i></a>.
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: " + index);
return new ListItr(index);
}
/**
* Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper
* sequence).
*
* <p>The returned list iterator is <a href="#fail-fast"><i>fail-fast</i></a>.
*
* @see #listIterator(int)
*/
public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
return new ListItr(0);
}
/**
* Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
*
* <p>The returned iterator is <a href="#fail-fast"><i>fail-fast</i></a>.
*
* @return an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence
*/
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return new Itr();
}
/**
* An optimized version of AbstractList.Itr
*
* AbstractList.Itr 的优化版本
*/
private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
int cursor; // index of next element to return
int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such
int expectedModCount = modCount;
Itr() {
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return cursor != size;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E next() {
checkForComodification();
int i = cursor;
if (i >= size)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (i >= elementData.length)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
cursor = i + 1;
return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
}
public void remove() {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
cursor = lastRet;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
final int size = ArrayList.this.size;
int i = cursor;
if (i >= size) {
return;
}
final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (i >= elementData.length) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
consumer.accept((E) elementData[i++]);
}
// update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic
cursor = i;
lastRet = i - 1;
checkForComodification();
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
/**
* An optimized version of AbstractList.ListItr
*/
private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
ListItr(int index) {
super();
cursor = index;
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return cursor != 0;
}
public int nextIndex() {
return cursor;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return cursor - 1;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E previous() {
checkForComodification();
int i = cursor - 1;
if (i < 0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (i >= elementData.length)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
cursor = i;
return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
}
public void set(E e) {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
ArrayList.this.set(lastRet, e);
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public void add(E e) {
checkForComodification();
try {
int i = cursor;
ArrayList.this.add(i, e);
cursor = i + 1;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
}
/**
* Returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified
* {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If
* {@code fromIndex} and {@code toIndex} are equal, the returned list is
* empty.) The returned list is backed by this list, so non-structural
* changes in the returned list are reflected in this list, and vice-versa.
* The returned list supports all of the optional list operations.
*
* 返回list从from到to的部分list 包左不包右,如果from==to ，返回空集合
* 这个返回的集合后面是原来的集合。所以在这个集合上面的非结构性的改变会体现到原来的集合上面
* 反之亦然
* 返回的集合支持所有list操作
*
* <p>This method eliminates the need for explicit range operations (of
* the sort that commonly exist for arrays). Any operation that expects
* a list can be used as a range operation by passing a subList view
* instead of a whole list. For example, the following idiom
* removes a range of elements from a list:
* <pre>
* list.subList(from, to).clear();
* </pre>
*
*
* Similar idioms may be constructed for {@link #indexOf(Object)} and
* {@link #lastIndexOf(Object)}, and all of the algorithms in the
* {@link Collections} class can be applied to a subList.
*
* 相似的语法风格可能是indexOf 和 lastIndexOf
* Collections中所有的语法都可以用到一个subList
*
*
* <p>The semantics of the list returned by this method become undefined if
* the backing list (i.e., this list) is <i>structurally modified</i> in
* any way other than via the returned list. (Structural modifications are
* those that change the size of this list, or otherwise perturb it in such
* a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results.)
*
* 通过任何方式结构性的修改原来的list，而不是通过这个方法返回的list，
* 那么返回的list的内容是不可预知的 （结构性的修改是哪些改变了list长度的变更，或者要注意到
* 通过这种方式，迭代进行的时候，可能导致不正确的结果
* ）
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
return new SubList(this, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
}
static void subListRangeCheck(int fromIndex, int toIndex, int size) {
if (fromIndex < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
if (toIndex > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
if (fromIndex > toIndex)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
}
private class SubList extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess {
private final AbstractList<E> parent;
private final int parentOffset;
private final int offset;
int size;
SubList(AbstractList<E> parent,
int offset, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
this.parent = parent;
this.parentOffset = fromIndex;
this.offset = offset + fromIndex;
this.size = toIndex - fromIndex;
this.modCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
}
public E set(int index, E e) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
E oldValue = ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
ArrayList.this.elementData[offset + index] = e;
return oldValue;
}
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
return ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
}
public int size() {
checkForComodification();
return this.size;
}
public void add(int index, E e) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
checkForComodification();
parent.add(parentOffset + index, e);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size++;
}
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
E result = parent.remove(parentOffset + index);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size--;
return result;
}
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
checkForComodification();
parent.removeRange(parentOffset + fromIndex,
parentOffset + toIndex);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size -= toIndex - fromIndex;
}
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
return addAll(this.size, c);
}
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
int cSize = c.size();
if (cSize == 0)
return false;
checkForComodification();
parent.addAll(parentOffset + index, c);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size += cSize;
return true;
}
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return listIterator();
}
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
checkForComodification();
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
final int offset = this.offset;
return new ListIterator<E>() {
int cursor = index;
int lastRet = -1;
int expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
public boolean hasNext() {
return cursor != SubList.this.size;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E next() {
checkForComodification();
int i = cursor;
if (i >= SubList.this.size)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
cursor = i + 1;
return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return cursor != 0;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E previous() {
checkForComodification();
int i = cursor - 1;
if (i < 0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
cursor = i;
return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
final int size = SubList.this.size;
int i = cursor;
if (i >= size) {
return;
}
final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (offset + i >= elementData.length) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
consumer.accept((E) elementData[offset + (i++)]);
}
// update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic
lastRet = cursor = i;
checkForComodification();
}
public int nextIndex() {
return cursor;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return cursor - 1;
}
public void remove() {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
SubList.this.remove(lastRet);
cursor = lastRet;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public void set(E e) {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
ArrayList.this.set(offset + lastRet, e);
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public void add(E e) {
checkForComodification();
try {
int i = cursor;
SubList.this.add(i, e);
cursor = i + 1;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (expectedModCount != ArrayList.this.modCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
};
}
public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
return new SubList(this, offset, fromIndex, toIndex);
}
private void rangeCheck(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= this.size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index > this.size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
return "Index: " + index + ", Size: " + this.size;
}
private void checkForComodification() {
if (ArrayList.this.modCount != this.modCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
checkForComodification();
return new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(ArrayList.this, offset,
offset + this.size, this.modCount);
}
}
@Override
public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Objects.requireNonNull(action);
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") final E[] elementData = (E[]) this.elementData;
final int size = this.size;
for (int i = 0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
action.accept(elementData[i]);
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
/**
* Creates a <em><a href="Spliterator.html#binding">late-binding</a></em>
* and <em>fail-fast</em> {@link Spliterator} over the elements in this
* list.
*
*
* <p>The {@code Spliterator} reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
* {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, and {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}.
* Overriding implementations should document the reporting of additional
* characteristic values.
*
* 创建一个"可拆分迭代器"为这个集合。和Iterator一样，Spliterator也用于遍历数据源中的元素，但它是为了并行执行而设计的。
* Java 8已经为集合框架中包含的所有数据结构提供了一个默认的Spliterator实现。集合实现了Spliterator接口，接口提供了一个spliterator方法。
* 重写实现应该 记录附加特征值的报告
*
* @return a {@code Spliterator} over the elements in this list
* @since 1.8
*/
@Override
public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
return new ArrayListSpliterator<>(this, 0, -1, 0);
}
/**
* Index-based split-by-two, lazily initialized Spliterator
* 基于下标的一分为二，延迟初始化的Spliterator
*/
static final class ArrayListSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> {
/*
* If ArrayLists were immutable, or structurally immutable (no
* adds, removes, etc), we could implement their spliterators
* with Arrays.spliterator. Instead we detect as much
* interference during traversal as practical without
* sacrificing much performance.
*
* We rely primarily on
* modCounts. These are not guaranteed to detect concurrency
* violations, and are sometimes overly conservative about
* within-thread interference, but detect enough problems to
* be worthwhile in practice.
*
* To carry this out,
* we (1) lazily
* initialize fence and expectedModCount until the latest
* point that we need to commit to the state we are checking
* against; thus improving precision. (This doesn't apply to
* SubLists, that create spliterators with current non-lazy
* values).
*
* (2) We perform only a single
* ConcurrentModificationException check at the end of forEach
* (the most performance-sensitive method). When using forEach
* (as opposed to iterators), we can normally only detect
* interference after actions, not before.
*
* Further
* CME-triggering checks apply to all other possible
* violations of assumptions for example null or too-small
* elementData array given its size(), that could only have
* occurred due to interference. This allows the inner loop
* of forEach to run without any further checks, and
* simplifies lambda-resolution. While this does entail a
* number of checks, note that in the common case of
* list.stream().forEach(a), no checks or other computation
* occur anywhere other than inside forEach itself. The other
* less-often-used methods cannot take advantage of most of
* these streamlinings.
*
*
* 如果ArrayLists 是结构性不变的（没有添加，删除等），我们可以用 Arrays.spliterator 实现 并行迭代器
* 相反，我们在遍历过程中尽可能多地检测干扰，而不会牺牲太多性能
* 主要是依靠modCount 实现的，这些不能保证检测到并发冲突，并且有时对线程内干扰过于保守，但发现了足够多的问题，在实践中是有价值的
* 为了执行这个操作，1 懒惰的初始化fence和expectedModCount，直到我们需要提交到正在检查的状态的最新点
* 2.我们只在forEach（对性能最敏感的方法）的末尾执行一次ConcurrentModificationException检查
* 当使用forEach（与迭代器相反）时，我们通常只能在操作之后检测干扰，而不能在操作之前检测干扰。
*
* 进一步的ConcurrentModificationException触发检查适用于所有其他可能违反假设的情况，
* 例如，给定其size（）的elementData数组为null或过小，这可能只是由于干扰而发生的。
* 这允许forEach的内部循环在没有任何进一步检查的情况下运行，并简化了lambda解析。
* 虽然这确实需要进行许多检查，但请注意，在list.stream（）.forEach（a）的常见情况下，没有检查或其他计算
* 发生在除内部以外的任何地方。其他不太常用的方法无法利用大多数此类流式处理
*
*
*/
private final ArrayList<E> list;
private int index; // current index, modified on advance/split
private int fence; // -1 until used; then one past last index
private int expectedModCount; // initialized when fence set
/**
* Create new spliterator covering the given range
*/
ArrayListSpliterator(ArrayList<E> list, int origin, int fence,
int expectedModCount) {
this.list = list; // OK if null unless traversed
this.index = origin;
this.fence = fence;
this.expectedModCount = expectedModCount;
}
private int getFence() { // initialize fence to size on first use
int hi; // (a specialized variant appears in method forEach)
ArrayList<E> lst;
if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
if ((lst = list) == null)
hi = fence = 0;
else {
expectedModCount = lst.modCount;
hi = fence = lst.size;
}
}
return hi;
}
public ArrayListSpliterator<E> trySplit() {
int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
return (lo >= mid) ? null : // divide range in half unless too small
new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(list, lo, index = mid,
expectedModCount);
}
public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
if (action == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int hi = getFence(), i = index;
if (i < hi) {
index = i + 1;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) list.elementData[i];
action.accept(e);
if (list.modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
return true;
}
return false;
}
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
int i, hi, mc; // hoist accesses and checks from loop
ArrayList<E> lst;
Object[] a;
if (action == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if ((lst = list) != null && (a = lst.elementData) != null) {
if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
mc = lst.modCount;
hi = lst.size;
} else
mc = expectedModCount;
if ((i = index) >= 0 && (index = hi) <= a.length) {
for (; i < hi; ++i) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) a[i];
action.accept(e);
}
if (lst.modCount == mc)
return;
}
}
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
public long estimateSize() {
return (long) (getFence() - index);
}
public int characteristics() {
return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED;
}
}
@Override
public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
// figure out which elements are to be removed
// any exception thrown from the filter predicate at this stage
// will leave the collection unmodified
int removeCount = 0;
final BitSet removeSet = new BitSet(size);
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
final int size = this.size;
for (int i = 0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") final E element = (E) elementData[i];
if (filter.test(element)) {
removeSet.set(i);
removeCount++;
}
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
// shift surviving elements left over the spaces left by removed elements
final boolean anyToRemove = removeCount > 0;
if (anyToRemove) {
final int newSize = size - removeCount;
for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i < size) && (j < newSize); i++, j++) {
i = removeSet.nextClearBit(i);
elementData[j] = elementData[i];
}
for (int k = newSize; k < size; k++) {
elementData[k] = null; // Let gc do its work
}
this.size = newSize;
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
modCount++;
}
return anyToRemove;
}
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
Objects.requireNonNull(operator);
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
final int size = this.size;
for (int i = 0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
elementData[i] = operator.apply((E) elementData[i]);
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
modCount++;
}
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
Arrays.sort((E[]) elementData, 0, size, c);
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
modCount++;
}
}
7.2 关注重点
7.2.1 增删改查
可以看到，Arraylist 底层是数组，所以我们对ArrayList的增删改查，实际就是对底层数组的增删改查，以及在数组容量不够的时候，Arraylist 内部会自动扩容。
7.2.2 equals
可以看到，可以调用Arraylist提供的remove方法等删除元素，其实底层会遍历list，逐个比较元素对象的equals方法来确定删除元素的位置。为此，如果要调用这个方法，需要确定equals 方法是期待的元素对象的比较逻辑，如果不是，需要重写equals 方法
7.2.3 线程安全
Arraylist 本身是线程不安全的。如果需要保证线程安全，可以使用类Vector
7.2.4 迭代器
java中的集合接口实现类，基本都实现了迭代器方法，所以我们可以通过通用的迭代器方法 next hasnext等通用方法，实现遍历不同的底层集合结构。这里实际上是迭代器设计模式的体现。
7.2.5 modconut
我们可以在源码很多地方看到modcount使用，即修改次数。在对list做结构性调整，比如扩容，缩容等操作时，次数会加一。最后我们在使用迭代器遍历时，创建的迭代器会保存期待的修改次数expectedModCount，遍历的时候会判断这个次数和我们预期的次数是不是一致，如果不一致说明有其他线程修改了list。如果不一致，Arraylist会直接抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常，（Fail-Fast）快速失败。
以上，本人菜鸟一枚，如有错误，请不吝指正
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