Java设计模式(四)——————【创建型模式】设计模式之原型模式

源码地址:https://github.com/877148107/java-design-pattern 

目录

基本介绍

Spring中的原型模式

浅拷贝

1、案例说明

深拷贝

1、案例说明

总结


  • 基本介绍

1) 原型模式(Prototype模式)是指:用原型实例指定创建对象的种类,并且通过拷贝这些原型,创建新的对象

2) 原型模式是一种创建型设计模式,允许一个对象再创建另外一个可定制的对象,无需知道如何创建的细节

3) 工作原理是:通过将一个原型对象传给那个要发动创建的对象,这个要发动创建的对象通过请求原型对象拷贝它们自己来实施创建,即 对象.clone()

  • Spring中的原型模式

Spring使用的原型模式主要在bean配置上面@Scope("prototype")也就是多实例的,当IOC容器创建的时候并不会去将这个实例初始化到容器,而是每次获取的时候才会调用初始化创建方法。因此每使用一次就会创建一次每次创建的实例对象是一样的,但是每次创建的实例是不相等的也就是实例对应的内存地址不一样,这就是我对原型模式的理解。

  • 浅拷贝

1) 对于数据类型是基本数据类型的成员变量,浅拷贝会直接进行值传递,也就是将该属性值复制一份给新的对象。

2) 对于数据类型是引用数据类型的成员变量,比如说成员变量是某个数组、某个类的对象等,那么浅拷贝会进行引用传递,也就是只是将该成员变量的引用值(内存地址)复制一份给新的对象。因为实际上两个对象的该成员变量都指向同一个实例。在这种情况下,在一个对象中修改该成员变量会影响到另一个对象的该成员变量值

3) 浅拷贝是使用默认的 clone()方法来实现

1、案例说明

一般情况我们使用的拷贝方法都是浅拷贝。浅拷贝的类图如下,Employee拷贝一个Employee2出来,他们本身引用的Department的指向实际是同一个内存地址的对象,后面对其中一个对象的修改都会影响到另一个成员变量。

public class CloneTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        Department department = new Department("采购部");
        Employee employee = new Employee("张三",25,department);
        System.out.println("拷贝前employee:"+employee+",HashCode:"+employee.getDepartment().hashCode());
        Employee employee2 = (Employee) employee.clone();
        System.out.println("拷贝后employee2:"+employee2+",HashCode:"+employee2.getDepartment().hashCode());
        employee.getDepartment().setName("财务部");
        System.out.println("拷贝赋值后employee:"+employee+",HashCode:"+employee.getDepartment().hashCode());
        System.out.println("拷贝赋值后employee2:"+employee2+",HashCode:"+employee2.getDepartment().hashCode());
    }
}
public class Employee implements Cloneable {

    private String name;

    private int age;

    private Department department;

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        return super.clone();
    }

    public Employee(String name, int age, Department department) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.department = department;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Department getDepartment() {
        return department;
    }

    public void setDepartment(Department department) {
        this.department = department;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Employee{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", department=" + department +
                '}';
    }
}

 

public class Department {

    private String name;

    public Department(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Department{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

 测试结果:

拷贝前employee:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='采购部'}},HashCode:1163157884
拷贝后employee2:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='采购部'}},HashCode:1163157884
拷贝赋值后employee:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='财务部'}},HashCode:1163157884
拷贝赋值后employee2:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='财务部'}},HashCode:1163157884
  • 深拷贝

1) 复制对象的所有基本数据类型的成员变量值

2) 为所有引用数据类型的成员变量申请存储空间,并复制每个引用数据类型成员变量所引用的对象,直到该对象可达的所有对象。也就是说,对象进行深拷贝要对整个对象进行拷贝

3) 深拷贝实现方式1:重写clone方法来实现深拷贝

4) 深拷贝实现方式2:通过对象序列化实现深拷贝(推荐)

1、案例说明

深拷贝类图如下,也就是Employee拷贝得到Employee2,那么Employee的成员变量Department对象也会拷贝一份,两个Employee都指向不同的Department对象内存地址,拷贝前后修改属性值都不会影响到另一个对象。

 深拷贝方法一:使用clone方法进行深拷贝

public class CloneTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        Department department = new Department("采购部");
        Employee employee = new Employee("张三",25,department);
        System.out.println("拷贝前employee:"+employee+",HashCode:"+employee.getDepartment().hashCode());
        Employee employee2 = (Employee) employee.clone();
        System.out.println("拷贝后employee2:"+employee2+",HashCode:"+employee2.getDepartment().hashCode());
        employee.getDepartment().setName("财务部");
        System.out.println("拷贝赋值后employee:"+employee+",HashCode:"+employee.getDepartment().hashCode());
        System.out.println("拷贝赋值后employee2:"+employee2+",HashCode:"+employee2.getDepartment().hashCode());
    }
}
public class Employee implements Cloneable {

    private String name;

    private int age;

    private Department department;

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        //这里只完成对基本数据的克隆
        Employee employee = (Employee) super.clone();
        //引用的数据类型单独进行克隆
        employee.department = (Department) department.clone();
        return employee;
    }

    public Employee(String name, int age, Department department) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.department = department;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Department getDepartment() {
        return department;
    }

    public void setDepartment(Department department) {
        this.department = department;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Employee{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", department=" + department +
                '}';
    }
}
public class Department implements Cloneable{

    private String name;

    public Department(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        return super.clone();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Department{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

测试结果:

拷贝前employee:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='采购部'}},HashCode:1163157884
拷贝后employee2:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='采购部'}},HashCode:1956725890
拷贝赋值后employee:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='财务部'}},HashCode:1163157884
拷贝赋值后employee2:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='采购部'}},HashCode:1956725890

深拷贝方法二:

public class CloneTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        Department department = new Department("采购部");
        Employee employee = new Employee("张三",25,department);
        System.out.println("拷贝前employee:"+employee+",HashCode:"+employee.getDepartment().hashCode());
        Employee employee2 = (Employee) employee.deepClone();
        System.out.println("拷贝后employee2:"+employee2+",HashCode:"+employee2.getDepartment().hashCode());
        employee.getDepartment().setName("财务部");
        System.out.println("拷贝赋值后employee:"+employee+",HashCode:"+employee.getDepartment().hashCode());
        System.out.println("拷贝赋值后employee2:"+employee2+",HashCode:"+employee2.getDepartment().hashCode());
    }
}
public class Employee implements Cloneable, Serializable {

    private String name;

    private int age;

    private Department department;

    /**
     * 深拷贝方式一
     * @return
     * @throws CloneNotSupportedException
     */
    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        //这里只完成对基本数据的克隆
        Employee employee = (Employee) super.clone();
        //引用的数据类型单独进行克隆
        employee.department = (Department) department.clone();
        return employee;
    }

    /**
     * 深拷贝方式二,通过对象序列化
     * @return
     */
    protected Object deepClone(){
        //创建流对象
        //字节输出流
        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = null;
        //对象输出流
        ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
        //字节输入流
        ByteArrayInputStream bis = null;
        //对象输入流
        ObjectInputStream ois = null;

        try {
            //序列化
            bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
            //当前这个对象以输出流的方式输出
            oos.writeObject(this);

            //反序列
            bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
            ois = new ObjectInputStream(bis);
            Employee employee = (Employee) ois.readObject();
            return employee;
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
            return null;
        }finally {
            try {
                bos.close();
                oos.close();
                bis.close();
                ois.close();
            }catch (Exception e){
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }


        //序列化

    }

    public Employee(String name, int age, Department department) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.department = department;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Department getDepartment() {
        return department;
    }

    public void setDepartment(Department department) {
        this.department = department;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Employee{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", department=" + department +
                '}';
    }
}

 

public class Department implements Cloneable, Serializable {

    private String name;

    public Department(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        return super.clone();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Department{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

测试结果:

拷贝前employee:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='采购部'}},HashCode:1163157884
拷贝后employee2:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='采购部'}},HashCode:2065951873
拷贝赋值后employee:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='财务部'}},HashCode:1163157884
拷贝赋值后employee2:Employee{name='张三', age=25, department=Department{name='采购部'}},HashCode:2065951873
  • 总结

1) 创建新的对象比较复杂时,可以利用原型模式简化对象的创建过程,同时也能够提高效率

2) 不用重新初始化对象,而是动态地获得对象运行时的状态

3) 如果原始对象发生变化(增加或者减少属性),其它克隆对象的也会发生相应的变化,无需修改代码

4) 在实现深克隆的时候可能需要比较复杂的代码

5) 缺点:需要为每一个类配备一个克隆方法,这对全新的类来说不是很难,但对已有的类进行改造时,需要修改其源代码,违背了ocp原则

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