Linux下为普通用户添加root权限（常用）

centos7 版本，我们不可能每次都用root账号登陆，root账号公认的不安全，所以一般都会创建一个专有权限的普通账号，下面创建一个具有root权限的普通账号。

[root@localhost ~]# groupadd test
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -g test test
[root@localhost ~]# passwd test
更改用户 test 的密码 。
新的 密码：
无效的密码： 过于简单化/系统化
无效的密码： 过于简单
重新输入新的 密码：
passwd： 所有的身份验证令牌已经成功更新。

创建完用户后，需要给用户添加权限。

[root@localhost ~]# chmod -v u+w /etc/sudoers  
mode of '/etc/sudoers' changed from 0440 (r--r-----) to 0640 (rw-r-----)

修改sudoers权限，使其可编辑，编辑sudoers文件。

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/sudoers
## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
## the root user, without needing the root password.
##
## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
## users or groups.
## 
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.

## Host Aliases
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using 
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
# Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
# Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2

## User Aliases
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname 
## rather than USERALIAS
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem


## Command Aliases
## These are groups of related commands...

## Networking
# Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient, /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig, /sbin/mii-tool

## Installation and management of software
# Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum

## Services
# Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig, /usr/bin/systemctl start, /usr/bin/systemctl stop, /usr/bin/systemctl reload, /usr/bin/systemctl restart, /usr/bin/systemctl status, /usr/bin/systemctl enable, /usr/bin/systemctl disable

## Updating the locate database
# Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb

## Storage
# Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe, /bin/mount, /bin/umount

## Delegating permissions
# Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp 

## Processes
# Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall

## Drivers
# Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe

# Defaults specification

#
# Refuse to run if unable to disable echo on the tty.
#
Defaults   !visiblepw

#
# Preserving HOME has security implications since many programs
# use it when searching for configuration files. Note that HOME
# is already set when the the env_reset option is enabled, so
# this option is only effective for configurations where either
# env_reset is disabled or HOME is present in the env_keep list.
#
Defaults    always_set_home
Defaults    match_group_by_gid

# Prior to version 1.8.15, groups listed in sudoers that were not
# found in the system group database were passed to the group
# plugin, if any. Starting with 1.8.15, only groups of the form
# %:group are resolved via the group plugin by default.
# We enable always_query_group_plugin to restore old behavior.
# Disable this option for new behavior.
Defaults    always_query_group_plugin

Defaults    env_reset
Defaults    env_keep =  "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
Defaults    env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"

#
# Adding HOME to env_keep may enable a user to run unrestricted
# commands via sudo.
#
# Defaults   env_keep += "HOME"

Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on 
## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
## systems).
## Syntax:
##
##      user    MACHINE=COMMANDS
##
## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
##
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere 
root    ALL=(ALL)       ALL

## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software, 
## service management apps and more.
# %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS

## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
%wheel  ALL=(ALL)       ALL

## Same thing without a password
# %wheel ALL=(ALL)      NOPASSWD: ALL

## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the 
## cdrom as root
# %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom

## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
# %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now

## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

在下面添加同样的一样。

root    ALL=(ALL)       ALL
test    ALL=(ALL)       ALL

注意：

test ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD:ALL

可以将第二组修改为NOPASSWD:ALL，这样使用sudo的时候就不用输入密码了。

将sudoers文件权限修改为不可编辑

[root@localhost ~]# chmod -v u-w /etc/sudoers   
mode of "/etc/sudoers" changed from 0640 (rw-r-----) to 0440 (r--r-----)

此时，具有root权限的用户test就操作完了。

 

可能出现问题：

1、使用test用户进行切换（su root）root用户，提示鉴定故障。

可能在权限不足带来的问题。

检查办法如下：

1）检查/etc目录下passwd的权限，该文件应该具备的权限如下：

[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/passwd
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2347 4f  16 21:00 /etc/passwd

如果该权限不足，则使用chmod 补充完成。

2）检查/bin/su文件是否有s位权限 也有可能是所属用户为普通用户，该文件应该具备的权限如下：

[root@localhost ~]# ll /bin/su
-rwsrwxrwx. 1 root root 32128 8f   9 2019 /bin/su

如果该权限不足，则使用chmod u+s /bin/su补充完成即可。