MySQL GTID详解

MySQL在5.6版本推出了GTID复制,相比传统的复制,GTID复制对于运维更加友好,这个事物是谁产生,产生多少事物,非常直接的标识出来。

今天将讨论一下 关于从库show slave status 中的Retrieved_Gtid_Set 和 Executed_Gtid_Set.

Retrieved_Gtid_Set : 从库已经接收到主库的事务编号

Executed_Gtid_Set : 从库自身已经执行的事务编号

下面将解释这两列的含义:

首先看看master和slave的server-uuid

 Master:

[root@localhost][db1]> show variables like '%uuid%';       
+---------------+--------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value                                |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+
| server_uuid   | 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Slave

[root@localhost][(none)]> show variables like '%uuid%';
+---------------+--------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value                                |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+
| server_uuid   | 8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab |
+---------------+--------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

其中主库的server-id是10,从库的server-id是20.

搭建好主从以后,如果没有数据写入,那么show slave status是下面这样的:

Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
             Master_Server_Id: 10
                  Master_UUID: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb
             Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 
                Auto_Position: 1
         Replicate_Rewrite_DB: 
                 Channel_Name: 
           Master_TLS_Version: 

如果在主库创建表,并且写入2条数据,是下面这样的:

[root@localhost][db1]> create table t2 ( id int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)

[root@localhost][db1]> insert into t2 select 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

[root@localhost][db1]> insert into t2 select 2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

这里auto_commit=1,可以看到创建表加插入2条数据,一共执行了3个事务.

从库:show slave status\G

Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
             Master_Server_Id: 10
                  Master_UUID: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb
             Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3
                Auto_Position: 1

主库:show master status

+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set                        |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 |      912 |              |                  | 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3 |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

其中主库的 Executed_Gtid_Set为:2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3

看到从库的Retrieved_Gtid_Set为:   2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3

                  Executed_Gtid_Set为: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3

也就是说主库产生了3个事务,从库接收到了主库的3个事务,且都已全部执行。

 其中 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb 是主库的server-uuid. 可以从从库解析binlog看出:

 

# at 154
#170823  0:38:38 server id 10  end_log_pos 219 CRC32 0x6268641f         GTID    last_committed=0        sequence_number=1
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1'/*!*/;
# at 219
#170823  0:38:38 server id 10  end_log_pos 316 CRC32 0x6c837618         Query   thread_id=103   exec_time=0     error_code=0
use `db1`/*!*/;
SET TIMESTAMP=1503419918/*!*/;
SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=103/*!*/;
SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=0, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1/*!*/;
SET @@session.sql_mode=1436549152/*!*/;
SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
/*!\C utf8 *//*!*/;
SET @@session.character_set_client=33,@@session.collation_connection=33,@@session.collation_server=33/*!*/;
SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
create table t2 ( id int)
/*!*/;

可以看见server-id为10,gtid-next为2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1,执行了建表,剩下的

2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:2 与 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:3 执行的查询我没有写出来。

这里也体现了文章开始提到的:这个事物由谁产生,产生多少事物,非常直接的标识了出来。

那么对于文章开头那个诡异的gtid是怎么出来的呢?先说说已经执行的事务:

Executed_Gtid_Set: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-33,
8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1

这里的2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-33好理解,就是已经执行主库的1-33的事务,那么8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1呢?其实也简单,有两种情况:

NO.1  从库有数据写入(即从库插入数据)

[root@localhost][db1]> insert into t2 select 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

show slave status\G;

Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
             Master_Server_Id: 10
                  Master_UUID: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb
             Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3,
8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1
                Auto_Position: 1
         Replicate_Rewrite_DB:

可以看到已经执行的事务有来自主库的2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3,也有从库自己写入的数据:8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1。我们可以解析binlog看看

mysqlbinlog -vv mysql-bin.000001 --include-gtids='8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1'

# at 896
#170823  0:59:19 server id 20  end_log_pos 961 CRC32 0x0492528a         GTID    last_committed=3        sequence_number=4
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= '8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1'/*!*/;
# at 961
#170823  0:59:19 server id 20  end_log_pos 1032 CRC32 0xbf545cca        Query   thread_id=25    exec_time=0     error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1503421159/*!*/;
SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=25/*!*/;
SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=0, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1/*!*/;
SET @@session.sql_mode=1436549152/*!*/;
SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
/*!\C utf8 *//*!*/;
SET @@session.character_set_client=33,@@session.collation_connection=33,@@session.collation_server=33/*!*/;
SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
BEGIN
/*!*/;
# at 1032
#170823  0:59:19 server id 20  end_log_pos 1079 CRC32 0x2f2de3ec        Rows_query
# insert into t2 select 1
# at 1079
#170823  0:59:19 server id 20  end_log_pos 1123 CRC32 0x18fe1c5c        Table_map: `db1`.`t2` mapped to number 109
# at 1123
#170823  0:59:19 server id 20  end_log_pos 1163 CRC32 0x163a708e        Write_rows: table id 109 flags: STMT_END_F

BINLOG '
52KcWR0UAAAALwAAADcEAACAABdpbnNlcnQgaW50byB0MiBzZWxlY3QgMezjLS8=
52KcWRMUAAAALAAAAGMEAAAAAG0AAAAAAAEAA2RiMQACdDIAAQMAAVwc/hg=
52KcWR4UAAAAKAAAAIsEAAAAAG0AAAAAAAEAAgAB//4BAAAAjnA6Fg==
'/*!*/;
### INSERT INTO `db1`.`t2`
### SET
###   @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
# at 1163
#170823  0:59:19 server id 20  end_log_pos 1194 CRC32 0xe3347ac1        Xid = 68
COMMIT/*!*/;
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'AUTOMATIC' /* added by mysqlbinlog */ /*!*/;

从binlog中可以清楚看到是从库进行了写入。

NO.2 主从切换(这里使用的是MHA切换主从)

             Master_Server_Id: 20
                  Master_UUID: 8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab
             Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3,
8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1
                Auto_Position: 1

可以看到主从切换以后主库的server-id是20。这里的意思是接收到主库8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1,并已经执行了这个事物,这个事物其实就是之前从库写入的那条数据。对于2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3就是之前主库执行的3个事务,如果此时在主库再插入一条数据,那么变化如下:

 Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1-2
  Executed_Gtid_Set: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3,
8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1-2

下面说说GTID不连续问题,类似 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:37-45 ,这个是由于binlog被清理后导致的,我们可以测试一下,然后查看gtid_purge变量。

binlog不可能永远驻留在服务上,需要定期进行清理(通过expire_logs_days可以控制定期清理间隔),否则迟早它会把磁盘用尽。gtid_purged用于记录已经被清除了的binlog事务集合,它是gtid_executed的子集。只有gtid_executed为空时才能手动设置该变量,此时会同时更新gtid_executed为和gtid_purged相同的值。gtid_executed为空意味着要么之前没有启动过基于GTID的复制,要么执行过RESET MASTER。执行RESET MASTER时同样也会把gtid_purged置空,即始终保持gtid_purgedgtid_executed的子集。

[root@localhost][db1]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name         | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 |      3530 |
+------------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

[root@localhost][db1]> flush logs;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

[root@localhost][db1]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name         | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000001 |      3577 |
| mysql-bin.000002 |       234 |
+------------------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

[root@localhost][db1]> PURGE BINARY LOGS TO 'mysql-bin.000002';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

[root@localhost][db1]> show master logs;
+------------------+-----------+
| Log_name         | File_size |
+------------------+-----------+
| mysql-bin.000002 |       234 |
+------------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

然后只要从库有重新启动,才会读取。MySQL服务器启动时,通过读binlog文件,初始化gtid_executed和gtid_purged,使它们的值能和上次MySQL运行时一致。

gtid_executed  本机被执行并写入日志的gtid
gtid_purged      该变量中记录的是本机上已经执行过,但是已经被purge binary logs to命令清理的gtid_set

没启动前:

 Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1-9
  Executed_Gtid_Set: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3,
8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1-9

重启并插入数据:

            Master_Server_Id: 20
                  Master_UUID: 8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab
             Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:10
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3,
8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1-10
                Auto_Position: 1
[root@localhost][(none)]> show variables like 'gtid_purged'; 
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value                                                                              |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| gtid_purged   | 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3,
8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1-9 |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

可以看到 2a09ee6e-645d-11e7-a96c-000c2953a1cb:1-3 与 8ce853fc-6f8a-11e7-8940-000c29e3f5ab:1-9 都在mysql-bin.000001里,已经被清除了。

下面的两个实验,将会告诉我们如果主日志被清除,但从还没获得这些日志,该怎么处理:

实验一:如果slave所需要事务对应的GTID在master上已经被purge了

根据show global variables like '%gtid%'的命令结果我们可以看到,和GTID相关的变量中有一个gtid_purged。从字面意思以及 官方文档可以知道该变量中记录的是本机上已经执行过,但是已经被purge binary logs to命令清理的gtid_set
本节中我们就要试验下,如果master上把某些slave还没有fetch到的gtid event purge后会有什么样的结果。

以下指令在master上执行

master [localhost] {msandbox} (test) > show global variables like '%gtid%';
+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Variable_name                   | Value                                  |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| binlog_gtid_simple_recovery     | OFF                                    |
| enforce_gtid_consistency        | ON                                     |
| gtid_executed                   | 24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:1 |
| gtid_mode                       | ON                                     |
| gtid_owned                      |                                        |
| gtid_purged                     |                                        |
| simplified_binlog_gtid_recovery | OFF                                    |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

master [localhost] {msandbox} (test) > flush logs;create table gtid_test2 (ID int) engine=innodb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

master [localhost] {msandbox} (test) > flush logs;create table gtid_test3 (ID int) engine=innodb;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

master [localhost] {msandbox} (test) > show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set                        |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
| mysql-bin.000005 |      359 |              |                  | 24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:1-3 |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

master [localhost] {msandbox} (test) > purge binary logs to 'mysql-bin.000004';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

master [localhost] {msandbox} (test) > show global variables like '%gtid%';
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name                   | Value                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| binlog_gtid_simple_recovery     | OFF                                      |
| enforce_gtid_consistency        | ON                                       |
| gtid_executed                   | 24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:1-3 |
| gtid_mode                       | ON                                       |
| gtid_owned                      |                                          |
| gtid_purged                     | 24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:1   |
| simplified_binlog_gtid_recovery | OFF                                      |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在slave2上重新做一次主从,以下命令在slave2上执行

slave2 [localhost] {msandbox} ((none)) > change master to master_host='127.0.0.1',master_port =21288,master_user='rsandbox',master_password='rsandbox',master_auto_position=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.04 sec)

slave2 [localhost] {msandbox} ((none)) > start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

slave2 [localhost] {msandbox} ((none)) > show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
                          ......
             Slave_IO_Running: No
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
                          ......
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error:
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 0
              Relay_Log_Space: 151
                          ......
                Last_IO_Errno: 1236
                Last_IO_Error: Got fatal error 1236 from master when reading data from binary log: 'The slave is connecting using CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_AUTO_POSITION = 1, but the master has purged binary logs containing GTIDs that the slave requires.'
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error:
                          ......
                Auto_Position: 1
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

实验二:忽略purged的部分,强行同步

那么实际生产应用当中,偶尔会遇到这样的情况:某个slave从备份恢复后(或者load data infile)后,DBA可以人为保证该slave数据和master一致;或者即使不一致,这些差异也不会导致今后的主从异常(例如:所有master上只有insert没有update)。这样的前提下,我们又想使slave通过replication从master进行数据复制。此时我们就需要跳过master已经被purge的部分,那么实际该如何操作呢?
我们还是以实验一的情况为例:

先确认master上已经purge的部分。从下面的命令结果可以知道master上已经缺失24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:1这一条事务的相关日志

master [localhost] {msandbox} (test) > show global variables like '%gtid%';
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name                   | Value                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| binlog_gtid_simple_recovery     | OFF                                      |
| enforce_gtid_consistency        | ON                                       |
| gtid_executed                   | 24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:1-3 |
| gtid_mode                       | ON                                       |
| gtid_owned                      |                                          |
| gtid_purged                     | 24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:1   |
| simplified_binlog_gtid_recovery | OFF                                      |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在slave上通过set global gtid_purged='xxxx'的方式,跳过已经purge的部分

slave2 [localhost] {msandbox} ((none)) > stop slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

slave2 [localhost] {msandbox} ((none)) > set global gtid_purged = '24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:1';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

slave2 [localhost] {msandbox} ((none)) > start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

slave2 [localhost] {msandbox} ((none)) > show slave status\G                
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                          ......
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000005
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 359
               Relay_Log_File: mysql_sandbox21290-relay-bin.000004
                Relay_Log_Pos: 569
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000005
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
                          ......
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 359
              Relay_Log_Space: 873
                          ......
             Master_Server_Id: 1
                  Master_UUID: 24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b
             Master_Info_File: /data/mysql/rsandbox_mysql-5_6_23/node2/data/master.info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it
                          ......
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:2-3
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:1-3
                Auto_Position: 1
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

可以看到此时slave已经可以正常同步,并补齐了24024e52-bd95-11e4-9c6d-926853670d0b:2-3范围的binlog日志。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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