Android源码之Zygote

当ActivityManagerService启动一个应用程序的时候，当这个应用程序的进程不存在的时候，就会通过Socket与Zygote进程进行通信，请求它fork一个子进程来作为这个即将要启动的应用程序的进程。
接下来，我们就看一下Zygote是怎么样生成一个新的应用进程的。
在Linux系统中，所有的进程都是init进程子孙进程，所有的进程都是直接或者间接地由进程fork出来的。Zygote进程也不例外。它是在系统启动的过程中，由init进程创建的。在系统启动脚本system/core/rootdir/init.c文件中，我们可以看到启动Zygote进程的脚本命令：
service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server
class main
socket zygote stream 660 root system
onrestart write /sys/android_power/request_state wake
onrestart write /sys/power/state on
onrestart restart media
onrestart restart netd

第一行表示Zygote进程要执行的程序便是system/bin/app_process，它的源代码位于frameworks/base/cmds/app_process/app_main.cpp文件中，接下来我们就分析一下app_main.cpp的main函数。
int main(int argc, const char* const argv[])
{
// These are global variables in ProcessState.cpp
mArgC = argc;
mArgV = argv;

mArgLen = 0;
for (int i=0; i<argc; i++) {
mArgLen += strlen(argv[i]) + 1;
}
mArgLen--;

AppRuntime runtime;
const char* argv0 = argv[0];

// Process command line arguments
// ignore argv[0]
argc--;
argv++;

// Everything up to '--' or first non '-' arg goes to the vm

int i = runtime.addVmArguments(argc, argv);

// Parse runtime arguments. Stop at first unrecognized option.
bool zygote = false;
bool startSystemServer = false;
bool application = false;
const char* parentDir = NULL;
const char* niceName = NULL;
const char* className = NULL;
while (i < argc) {
const char* arg = argv[i++];
if (!parentDir) {
parentDir = arg;
} else if (strcmp(arg, "--zygote") == 0) {
zygote = true;
niceName = "zygote";
} else if (strcmp(arg, "--start-system-server") == 0) {
startSystemServer = true;
} else if (strcmp(arg, "--application") == 0) {
application = true;
} else if (strncmp(arg, "--nice-name=", 12) == 0) {
niceName = arg + 12;
} else {
className = arg;
break;
}
}

if (niceName && *niceName) {
setArgv0(argv0, niceName);
set_process_name(niceName);
}

runtime.mParentDir = parentDir;

if (zygote) {
runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit", startSystemServer ? "start-system-server" : "");
} else if (className) {
// Remainder of args get passed to startup class main()
runtime.mClassName = className;
runtime.mArgC = argc - i;
runtime.mArgV = argv + i;
runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit", application ? "application" : "tool");
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: no class name or --zygote supplied.\n");
app_usage();
LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("app_process: no class name or --zygote supplied.");
return 10;
}
}
主要是用AppRuntime类的start函数来启动Zygote进程。AppRuntime类也是在app_main.cpp文件中定义的。它继承自AndroidRuntime类。
接下来，我们就看一下AndroidRuntime类的start函数是如何实现的：
void AndroidRuntime::start(const char* className, const char* options)
{
ALOGD("\n>>>>>> AndroidRuntime START %s <<<<<<\n",
className != NULL ? className : "(unknown)");

blockSigpipe();

/*
* 'startSystemServer == true' means runtime is obsolete and not run from
* init.rc anymore, so we print out the boot start event here.
*/
if (strcmp(options, "start-system-server") == 0) {
/* track our progress through the boot sequence */
const int LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_START = 3000;
LOG_EVENT_LONG(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_START,
ns2ms(systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC)));
}

const char* rootDir = getenv("ANDROID_ROOT");
if (rootDir == NULL) {
rootDir = "/system";
if (!hasDir("/system")) {
LOG_FATAL("No root directory specified, and /android does not exist.");
return;
}
setenv("ANDROID_ROOT", rootDir, 1);
}

//const char* kernelHack = getenv("LD_ASSUME_KERNEL");
//ALOGD("Found LD_ASSUME_KERNEL='%s'\n", kernelHack);

/* start the virtual machine */
JNIEnv* env;
//启动虚拟机
if (startVm(&mJavaVM, &env) != 0) {
return;
}
onVmCreated(env);

//注册JNI方法
/*
* Register android functions.
*/
if (startReg(env) < 0) {
ALOGE("Unable to register all android natives\n");
return;
}

/*
* We want to call main() with a String array with arguments in it.
* At present we have two arguments, the class name and an option string.
* Create an array to hold them.
*/
jclass stringClass;
jobjectArray strArray;
jstring classNameStr;
jstring optionsStr;

stringClass = env->FindClass("java/lang/String");
assert(stringClass != NULL);
strArray = env->NewObjectArray(2, stringClass, NULL);
assert(strArray != NULL);
classNameStr = env->NewStringUTF(className);
assert(classNameStr != NULL);
env->SetObjectArrayElement(strArray, 0, classNameStr);
optionsStr = env->NewStringUTF(options);
env->SetObjectArrayElement(strArray, 1, optionsStr);

/*
* Start VM. This thread becomes the main thread of the VM, and will
* not return until the VM exits.
*/
char* slashClassName = toSlashClassName(className);
jclass startClass = env->FindClass(slashClassName);
if (startClass == NULL) {
ALOGE("JavaVM unable to locate class '%s'\n", slashClassName);
/* keep going */
} else {
jmethodID startMeth = env->GetStaticMethodID(startClass, "main",
"([Ljava/lang/String;)V");
if (startMeth == NULL) {
ALOGE("JavaVM unable to find main() in '%s'\n", className);
/* keep going */
} else {
//调用ZygoteInit类的Main函数
env->CallStaticVoidMethod(startClass, startMeth, strArray);

#if 0
if (env->ExceptionCheck())
threadExitUncaughtException(env);
#endif
}
}
free(slashClassName);

ALOGD("Shutting down VM\n");
if (mJavaVM->DetachCurrentThread() != JNI_OK)
ALOGW("Warning: unable to detach main thread\n");
if (mJavaVM->DestroyJavaVM() != 0)
ALOGW("Warning: VM did not shut down cleanly\n");
}
接下来我们看一下ZygoteInit类的Main函数的实现：
public static void main(String argv[]) {
try {
// Start profiling the zygote initialization.
SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();

//注册一个Socket监听
registerZygoteSocket();
EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_START, SystemClock.uptimeMillis());
preload();
EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_END, SystemClock.uptimeMillis());

// Finish profiling the zygote initialization.
SamplingProfilerIntegration.writeZygoteSnapshot();

// Do an initial gc to clean up after startup
gc();

// If requested, start system server directly from Zygote
if (argv.length != 2) {
throw new RuntimeException(argv[0] + USAGE_STRING);
}

if (argv[1].equals("start-system-server")) {
startSystemServer();
} else if (!argv[1].equals("")) {
throw new RuntimeException(argv[0] + USAGE_STRING);
}

Log.i(TAG, "Accepting command socket connections");

//监听socket请求
if (ZYGOTE_FORK_MODE) {
runForkMode();
} else {
runSelectLoopMode();
}

//关闭socket
closeServerSocket();
} catch (MethodAndArgsCaller caller) {
caller.run();
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
Log.e(TAG, "Zygote died with exception", ex);
closeServerSocket();
throw ex;
}
}
我们看一看registerZygoteSocket函数的实现：
private static void registerZygoteSocket() {
//sServerSocket是一个static的LocalServerSocket对象
if (sServerSocket == null) {
int fileDesc;
try {
//得到环境变量
String env = System.getenv(ANDROID_SOCKET_ENV);
fileDesc = Integer.parseInt(env);
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(
ANDROID_SOCKET_ENV + " unset or invalid", ex);
}

try {
sServerSocket = new LocalServerSocket(createFileDescriptor(fileDesc));
} catch (IOException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Error binding to local socket '" + fileDesc + "'", ex);
}
}
}
startSystemServer的函数实现如下：
private static boolean startSystemServer() throws MethodAndArgsCaller, RuntimeException {
/* Hardcoded command line to start the system server */
String args[] = {
"--setuid=1000",
"--setgid=1000",
"--setgroups=1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1018,3001,3002,3003,3006,3007",
"--capabilities=130104352,130104352",
"--runtime-init",
"--nice-name=system_server",
"com.android.server.SystemServer",
};
ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs = null;

int pid;

try {
parsedArgs = new ZygoteConnection.Arguments(args);
ZygoteConnection.applyDebuggerSystemProperty(parsedArgs);
ZygoteConnection.applyInvokeWithSystemProperty(parsedArgs);

//请求fork一个新进程
/* Request to fork the system server process */
pid = Zygote.forkSystemServer(
parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid,
parsedArgs.gids,
parsedArgs.debugFlags,
null,
parsedArgs.permittedCapabilities,
parsedArgs.effectiveCapabilities);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(ex);
}

//子进程会调用handleSystemServerProcess函数
/* For child process */
if (pid == 0) {
handleSystemServerProcess(parsedArgs);
}

return true;
}

handleSystemServerProcess函数的定义如下：
private static void handleSystemServerProcess(ZygoteConnection.Arguments parsedArgs)
throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {

//首先关闭掉从父进程中继承下来的socket文件
closeServerSocket();

// set umask to 0077 so new files and directories will default to owner-only permissions.
Libcore.os.umask(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);

if (parsedArgs.niceName != null) {
Process.setArgV0(parsedArgs.niceName);
}

if (parsedArgs.invokeWith != null) {
WrapperInit.execApplication(parsedArgs.invokeWith,
parsedArgs.niceName, parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion,
null, parsedArgs.remainingArgs);
} else {
/*
* Pass the remaining arguments to SystemServer.
*/
RuntimeInit.zygoteInit(parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion, parsedArgs.remainingArgs);
}

/* should never reach here */
}
RuntimeInit类的zygoteInit函数定义如下：
public static final void zygoteInit(int targetSdkVersion, String[] argv)
throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
if (DEBUG) Slog.d(TAG, "RuntimeInit: Starting application from zygote");

redirectLogStreams();

//commonInit主要是设置时区，http代理
commonInit();
nativeZygoteInit();

applicationInit(targetSdkVersion, argv);
}

我们主要看一下applicationInit函数的实现：
private static void applicationInit(int targetSdkVersion, String[] argv)
throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller {
// If the application calls System.exit(), terminate the process
// immediately without running any shutdown hooks. It is not possible to
// shutdown an Android application gracefully. Among other things, the
// Android runtime shutdown hooks close the Binder driver, which can cause
// leftover running threads to crash before the process actually exits.
nativeSetExitWithoutCleanup(true);

// We want to be fairly aggressive about heap utilization, to avoid
// holding on to a lot of memory that isn't needed.
VMRuntime.getRuntime().setTargetHeapUtilization(0.75f);
VMRuntime.getRuntime().setTargetSdkVersion(targetSdkVersion);

final Arguments args;
try {
args = new Arguments(argv);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
Slog.e(TAG, ex.getMessage());
// let the process exit
return;
}

//会调用SystemServer类的main函数
// Remaining arguments are passed to the start class's static main
invokeStaticMain(args.startClass, args.startArgs);
}