Lookup as a Data Structure
So first let's have a look at Lookup as a data structure. A Lookup is a map with Class Objects as keys and a Set of instances of the key Class object as values. An additional feature of a Lookup is that you can listen for changes of what's in there.
Lookup.Provider
If your Object has a Lookup to store a bunch of stuff, you can make it accessible to others by implementing Lookup
Nodes
Nodes also implement Lookup.Provider so you can ask them for their Lookup as well. Something useful to store inside a Node's Lookup is the DataObject it may represent. If you're using Nodes you probably do so in combination with the Explorer API to display them. If you do that you'll usually create a lookup for your TopComponent with the help of the ExplorerManager: