Android 消息机制笔记

参考资料：gityuan的知乎回答，http://gityuan.com，weibo.com/gityuan(微博)

1.基础知识

1.android系统不能在子线程中更新UI；因为系统的UI控件不是线程安全的，如果使用加锁使其线程安全，则会让UI控件变得复杂和低效，并可能阻塞某些进程的执行。

2.ThreadLocal类用来提供线程内部的局部变量。这些变量在多线程环境下访问(通过get或set方法访问)时能保证各个线程里的变量相对独立于其他线程内的变量，ThreadLocal实例通常来说都是private static类型。

3.一个线程中只有一个Looper实例和一个MessageQueue实例，可以有多个handler对象。

2.Looper笔记

一般先调用Looper.prepare，再调用Looper.loop()方法

Looper.prepare()方法中，根据sThreadLocal.get()是否为空，为空时才调用sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed))，不为空则抛出异常，从而保证了一个线程中只有一个Looper。

private static void prepare(booleanquitAllowed) {
  if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Only oneLooper may be created per thread");
  }
  sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}

Looper的构造函数中新建了MessageQueue对象，每个线程中都有一个MessageQueue对象：

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
   mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
   mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}

通过myLooper()方法可获得当前线程的looper实例：

public static Looper myLooper() {
  return sThreadLocal.get();
}

Looper中有static对象sMainLooper，可通过static方法getMainLooper()来获得主线程的looper实例。

3.Handler笔记

Handler的构造函数，把handler和looper关联起来:

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
  //省略一部分
  mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
  if (mLooper == null) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
  }
  mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
  mCallback = callback;
  mAsynchronous = async;
}

handler的dispatchMessage()方法中分发message：

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
  if (msg.callback != null) {
    handleCallback(msg);
  } else {
    if (mCallback != null) {
      if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
      return;
      }
    }
    handleMessage(msg);
  }
}

handler.handleMessage()，一般需重写该方法来处理消息

post(Runnable r)方法也是通过sendMessage实现的，post()会将该runable放入message，并把message的callback指向该runnable，并通过handleCallback最终运行该可执行代码：

private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
  Message m = Message.obtain();
  m.callback = r;
  return m;
}
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
  message.callback.run();
}

4.MessageQueue笔记

MessageQueue中的mMessages指向队头的message，对于一个新的message，会在enqueueMessage()方法中，根据msg.when等信息，将该message插入到适当的位置：

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

MessageQueue的next()方法会进入一个死循环，返回一下个要处理的message。

Message next() {
        // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
        // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
        // which is not supported.
        final long ptr = mPtr;
        if (ptr == 0) {
            return null;
        }

        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }

            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (false) Log.v("MessageQueue", "Returning message: " + msg);
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                if (mQuitting) {
                    dispose();
                    return null;
                }

                // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                        && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }

                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }

            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

                boolean keep = false;
                try {
                    keep = idler.queueIdle();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    Log.wtf("MessageQueue", "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                }

                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }

5.发送message的过程

handler.sendMessage()——hanler.enqueueMessage()——queue.enqueueMessage()

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
  //把将要发送的message.target指向自己
  msg.target = this;
  if (mAsynchronous) {
    msg.setAsynchronous(true);
  }
  return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}

6.处理message的过程

Looper.loop()——queue.next()——msg.target.dispatchMessage()

Looper.loop()代码如下：

public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

7.主线程的消息机制

ActivityThread实际上并非线程，并没有真正继承Thread类，只是往往运行在主线程，承载ActivityThread的主线程是由Zygote fork而创建的进程。

ActivityThread的main()代码如下：

public static void main(String[] args) {
        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
        SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();

        // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy.  We
        // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
        // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
        CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);

        Environment.initForCurrentUser();

        // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
        EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());

        AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install();

        // Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
        final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
        TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);

        Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");

        Looper.prepareMainLooper();

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);

        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }

        if (false) {
            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
        }

        // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
        Looper.loop();

        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }

其中：

main()方法中调用了prepareMainLooper()，所以主线程中可以直接新建handler，而不用先调用prepare()方法；此外，ActivityThread中有一个内部类Activity.H(继承自handler)的对象mH，用来处理Activity生命周期相关的message。

thread.attach(false)会创建一个Binder线程（具体是指ApplicationThread，Binder的服务端，用于接收系统服务ApplicationManagerService发送来的事件），该Binder线程通过Activity.H将Message发送给主线程。

Looper.loop()方法会循环读取主线程的MessageQueue中的message，当MessageQueue中没有message时，message.next()方法会发生阻塞(通过nativePollOnce()方法)，此时主线程会释放CPU资源进入休眠状态，直到下个消息到达或者有事务发生，通过往pipe管道写端写入数据来唤醒主线程工作。

当有新的事件发生时，系统进程会通过binder方式调用ApplicationThreadd的对应方法(比如启动服务时调用scheduleCreateService()方法)，在该方法内调用了sendMessage()方法，通过mH对象sendMessage()向主线程的消息队列中发送了消息，进而唤醒了主线程(MessageQueue的enqueueMessage()方法会调用nativeWake(mPtr)方法进行唤醒)。

public final void scheduleCreateService(IBinder token, ServiceInfo info, CompatibilityInfo compatInfo, int processState) {
            updateProcessState(processState, false);
            CreateServiceData s = new CreateServiceData();
            s.token = token;
            s.info = info;
            s.compatInfo = compatInfo;
            sendMessage(H.CREATE_SERVICE, s);
        }
private void sendMessage(int what, Object obj, int arg1, int arg2, boolean async) {
        if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(
            TAG, "SCHEDULE " + what + " " + mH.codeToString(what)
            + ": " + arg1 + " / " + obj);
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        msg.obj = obj;
        msg.arg1 = arg1;
        msg.arg2 = arg2;
        if (async) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        mH.sendMessage(msg);
    }