注解和反射

忍住，谁笑谁是谁儿子

已于 2022-09-09 14:14:14 修改

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文章标签： java

于 2022-09-07 10:46:33 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/wsmbnyzwn/article/details/126738147

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1、注解入门

1.1、什么是注解

第一个注解代码：

//什么是注解
public class Test01 extends Object {

    //@Override 重写的注解
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return super.toString();
    }
}

1.2、内置注解

1.3、元注解

代码解释：

//测试元注解
public class Test02 {
}

//定义一个注解
//Target  表示我们的注解可以用在哪些地方
@Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD,ElementType.TYPE})

//Retention  表示我们的注解在什么地方还有效
//runtime > class > sources
@Retention(value = RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)

//Documented  表示是否将我们的注解生产在JAVAdoc中
@Documented

//Inherited  子类可以继承父类的注解
@Inherited
@interface MyAnnotation{

}

1.4、自定义注解

代码实现：

//自定义注解
public class Test03 {
    //注解可以显示赋值，如果没有赋值，我们就必须给注解赋值
    @MyAnnotation2(age = 18,name = "吴寅亮")
    public void test(){}
    
    @MyAnnotation3("吴寅亮")
    public void test2(){}
}

@Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface MyAnnotation2{
    //注解的参数：参数类型+参数名（）；
    String name() default "";
    int age();
    int id() default -1;//如果默认值为-1，代表不存在。

    String[] schools() default {"银月授面","安徽大学"};
}

@Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface MyAnnotation3{
    String value();
}

二、反射机制

2.1、静态 VS 动态语言

2.2、Java Reflection

2.3、Java反射机制及应用

2.4、Java反射优点和缺点

2.5、反射相关的主要API

反射的一个小例子：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

//什么叫反射
public class Test001 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //通过反射获取类的class对象
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.User");
        System.out.println(c1);

        //一个类在内存中只有一个class对象
        //一个类被加载后，类的整个结构都会被封装在Class对象中
        Class c2 = Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.User");
        Class c3 = Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.User");
        Class c4 = Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.User");

        System.out.println(c2.hashCode());
        System.out.println(c3.hashCode());
        System.out.println(c4.hashCode());
    }
}

//实体类:pojo entity
class User{
    private String name;
    private int id;
    protected int age;

    public User(){

    }

    public User(String name, int id, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.id = id;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", id=" + id +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }
}

代码运行结果：

2.6、Class类

2.7、Class类常用的方法

2.8、获取Class类的实例

几种获得方式的代码实现：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

//测试Class类的创建方式有哪些
public class Test002 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        Person person = new Student();
        System.out.println("这个人是：" + person.name);

        //方式一：通过对象获得
        Class c1 = person.getClass();
        System.out.println(c1.hashCode());

        //方式二：forname获得
        Class c2 = Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.Student");
        System.out.println(c2.hashCode());

        //方式三：通过类名.class获得
        Class c3 = Student.class;
        System.out.println(c3.hashCode());

        //方式四：基本内置类型的包装类都有一个Type属性
        Class c4 = Integer.TYPE;
        System.out.println(c4);

        //方式五：获得父类类型
        Class c5 = c1.getSuperclass();
        System.out.println(c5);
    }

}

class Person{
    public String name;

    public Person() {
    }

    public Person(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

class Student extends Person{
    public Student(){
        this.name = "学生";
    }
}

class Teacher extends Person{
    public Teacher(){
        this.name = "老师";
    }
}

运行结果：

2.9、哪些类型可以有Class对象？

代码实现：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;

//所有类型的Class
public class Test003 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Class c1 = Object.class;  //类
        Class c2 = Comparable.class;  //接口
        Class c3 = String[].class;  //一维数组
        Class c4 = int[][].class;  //二维数组
        Class c5 = Override.class;  //注解
        Class c6 = ElementType.class;  //枚举
        Class c7 = Integer.class;  //基本数据类型
        Class c8 = void.class;  //void
        Class c9 = Class.class;  //Class

        System.out.println(c1);
        System.out.println(c2);
        System.out.println(c3);
        System.out.println(c4);
        System.out.println(c5);
        System.out.println(c6);
        System.out.println(c7);
        System.out.println(c8);
        System.out.println(c9);

        //只要元素类型与维度一样，就是同一个Class。
        int[] a = new int[10];
        int[] b = new int[100];
        System.out.println(a.getClass().hashCode());
        System.out.println(b.getClass().hashCode());
    }
}

运行结果：

2.10、Java内存分析

2.11、了解类的加载过程

2.12、类的加载与ClassLoader的理解

例子说明：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

public class Test004 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        A a = new A();
        System.out.println(A.m);

        /*
        * 1.加载到内存，会产生一个类对象Class对象
        * 2.链接，链接结束后，m=0
        * 3.初始化
        * <clinit>(){
        *        System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化");
        *         m = 300;
        *         m=100;
        * }
        *
        * m = 100
        * */
    }
}

class A{
    static {
        System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化");
        m = 300;
    }

    /*m=300
    * m=100
    * */
    static int m = 100;

    public A(){
        System.out.println("A类的无参构造初始化");
    }
}

运行结果：

对运行结果中的过程进行绘图分析：

2.13、什么时候会发生类初始化？

代码例子：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

//测试类什么时候会初始化
public class Test005 {
    static {
        System.out.println("Main类被加载");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //1.主动引用
        //Son son = new Son();

        //反射也会产生主动引用
        Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.Son");

        //不会产生类的引用方法
        //System.out.println(Son.b);

        //Son[] array = new Son[5];

        System.out.println(Son.M);
    }
}

class Father{
    static int b = 2;

    static {
        System.out.println("父类被加载");
    }
}

class Son extends Father{

    static {
        System.out.println("子类被加载");
        m = 300;
    }

    static int m = 100;
    static final int M = 1;
}

2.14、类加载器的作用

代码实现：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

public class Test07 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {

        //获取系统类的加载器
        ClassLoader systemClassLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
        System.out.println(systemClassLoader);

        //获取系统类加载器的父类加载器--》扩展类加载器
        ClassLoader parent = systemClassLoader.getParent();
        System.out.println(parent);

        //获取扩展类加载器的父类加载器-->根加载器（C/C++）
        ClassLoader parent1 = parent.getParent();
        System.out.println(parent1);

        //测试当前类是哪个加载器加载的
        ClassLoader classLoader = Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.Test07").getClassLoader();
        System.out.println(classLoader);

        //测试JDK内置的类是谁加载的
         classLoader = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getClassLoader();
        System.out.println(classLoader);

        //如何获得系统类加载器可以加载的路径
        System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.class.path"));
        
        /*C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\charsets.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\deploy.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\javaws.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\jce.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\jfr.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\jsse.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\plugin.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\resources.jar;
        C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_171\jre\lib\rt.jar;G:\项目练习\untitled1\out\production\untitled1;
        G:\项目练习\untitled1\src\com\lib\commons-io-2.6.jar;F:\IDEAtools\IntelliJ IDEA 2019.3.3\lib\idea_rt.jar
         * */

    }
}

运行结果：

2.15、获取运行时类的完整结构

代码例子：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

//获得类的信息
public class Test08 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException {
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.User");

        //获得类的名字
        System.out.println(c1.getName());  //获得包名 + 类名
        System.out.println(c1.getSimpleName());  // 获得类名

        //获得类的属性
        System.out.println("===========================");
        Field[] fields = c1.getFields();  //只能找到public属性

        fields = c1.getDeclaredFields();  //找到全部的属性
        for(Field field:fields){
            System.out.println(field);
        }

        //获得指定属性的值
        Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
        System.out.println(name);

        //获得类的方法
        System.out.println("======================");
        Method[] methods = c1.getMethods(); //获得本类及其父类的全部public方法
        for(Method method:methods){
            System.out.println("正常的："+method);
        }

         methods = c1.getDeclaredMethods();  //获得奔类的所有方法
        for(Method method:methods){
            System.out.println("getDeclaredMethods:" + method);
        }

        //获得指定方法
        //重载
        Method getName = c1.getMethod("getName", null);
        Method setName = c1.getMethod("setName", String.class);
        System.out.println(getName);
        System.out.println(setName);

        //获得指定的构造器
        System.out.println("===============================");
        Constructor[] constructors = c1.getConstructors();
        for(Constructor constructor:constructors){
            System.out.println(constructor);
        }
        constructors = c1.getDeclaredConstructors();
        for(Constructor constructor:constructors){
            System.out.println("#" + constructor);
        }

        //获得指定的构造器
        Constructor declaredConstructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
        System.out.println("指定的"+ declaredConstructor);
    }
}

运行结果图：

2.16、小结

2.17、有了Class对象，能做什么？

调用指定方法：

setAssessicble：

代码实现：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

//动态的创建对象，通过反射
public class Test09 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException, NoSuchFieldException {
        //获得Class对象
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.User");

//        //构造一个对象
//        User user = (User)c1.newxInstance(); //本质是调用了类的无参构造器
//        System.out.println(user);

        //通过构造器创建对象
        Constructor Constructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class);
        User user2 =(User) Constructor.newInstance("吴寅亮", 001, 18);
        System.out.println(user2);

        //通过反射调用普通方法
        User user3 = (User)c1.newInstance();
        //通过反射获取一个方法
        Method setName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("setName", String.class);

        //invoke:激活的意思
        //（对象，"方法的值"
        setName.invoke(user3,"小吴");
        System.out.println(user3.getName());

        //通过反射操作属性
        System.out.println("888888888888888888888888888888");
        User user4 = (User)c1.newInstance();
        Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name");

        name.setAccessible(true);
        name.set(user4,"小吴2");
        System.out.println(user4.getName());
    }
}

运行结果：

2.18、性能比较

普通方法调用，反射方法调用和反射方法调用后的检测关闭三种方式的性能比较：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

//分析性能问题
public class Test10 {

    //普通方式调用
    public static void test01(){
        User user = new User();

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
            user.getName();
        }

        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("普通方法执行了10亿次"+(endTime-startTime) +"ms");
    }

    //反射方式调用
    public static void test02() throws InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException, NoSuchMethodException {
        User user = new User();
        Class c1 = user.getClass();

        Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName", null);

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
            getName.invoke(user,null);
        }

        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("反射方式执行了10亿次"+(endTime-startTime) +"ms");
    }

    //反射方式调用  关闭检测
    public static void test03() throws InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException, NoSuchMethodException {
        User user = new User();
        Class c1 = user.getClass();

        Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName", null);
        getName.setAccessible(true);

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {
            getName.invoke(user,null);
        }

        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("关闭检测后执行了10亿次"+(endTime-startTime) +"ms");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalAccessException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException {
        test01();
        test02();
        test03();
    }
}

运行结果图：

2.19、反射操作泛型

反射操作泛型代码：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

//通过反射获取泛型
public class Test12 {

    public void test01(Map<String,User> map, List<User> list){
        System.out.println("test01");
    }

    public Map<String,User> test02{
        System.out.println("test02");
        return null;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException {
        Method method = Test12.class.getMethod("test01", Map.class, List.class);

        Type[] genericParameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();

        for (Type genericParameterType : genericParameterTypes) {
            System.out.println("#" + genericParameterTypes);

            if(genericParameterTypes instanceof ParameterizedType){
                Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericParameterType).getActualTypeArguments();
                for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) {
                    System.out.println(actualTypeArguments);
                }
            }
        }

        method = Test12.class.getMethod("test02",null);
        Type genericReturnType = method.getGenericReturnType();

        if(genericReturnType instanceof ParameterizedType){
            Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericReturnType).getActualTypeArguments();
            for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) {
                System.out.println(actualTypeArguments);
            }
        }

    }

}

运行结果：

2.20、反射操作注解

练习------ORM

代码实现：

package com.kuang.demo.demo01;

import java.lang.annotation.*;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;

//练习反射操作注解
public class Test13 {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException {
        Class c1 = Class.forName("com.kuang.demo.demo01.Student2");

        //通过反射获得注解
        Annotation[] annotations = c1.getAnnotations();
        for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
            System.out.println(annotations);
        }

        //获得注解的value的值
        Tablekuang tablekuang = (Tablekuang) c1.getAnnotation(Tablekuang.class);
        String value = tablekuang.value();
        System.out.println(value);

        //获得类指定的注解
        Field f = c1.getDeclaredField("name");
        Filedkuang annotation = f.getAnnotation(Filedkuang.class);
        System.out.println(annotation.columnName());
        System.out.println(annotation.type());
        System.out.println(annotation.length());
    }
}

@Tablekuang("db_student")
class Student2{

    @Filedkuang(columnName = "db_id",type = "int",length = 10)
    private int id;
    @Filedkuang(columnName = "db_age",type = "int",length = 10)
    private int age;
    @Filedkuang(columnName = "db_name",type = "varchar",length = 3)
    private String name;

    public Student2() {
    }

    public Student2(int id, int age, String name) {
        this.id = id;
        this.age = age;
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student2{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

//类名的注解
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface Tablekuang{
    String value();
}

//属性的注解
@interface Filedkuang{
    String columnName();
    String type();
    int length();
}