在 Linux 驱动之按键驱动编写 (查询方式) 已经写了一个查询方式的按键驱动，但是查询方式太占用 CPU，接下来利用中断方式编写一个驱动程序，使得 CPU 占有率降低，在按键空闲时调用 read 系统调用的进程可以休眠，还是以以下步骤编写：
1、查看原理图，确定需要控制的 IO 端口
2、查看芯片手册，确定 IO 端口的寄存器地址
3、编写驱动代码
4、确定应用程序功能，编写测试代码。
5、编写 Makefile，编译驱动代码与测试代码，在开发板上运行
1、查看原理图，确定需要控制的 IO 端口
打开原理图，确定需要控制的 IO 端口为 GPF0、GPF2、GPG3、GPG11。可以看到它的中断号为 IRQ_EINT0、IRQ_EINT2、IRQ_EINT11、IRQ_EINT19
2、查看芯片手册，确定 IO 端口的寄存器地址，可以看到因为用了两组 GPIO 端口，所以它的基地址分别为 0x56000050、0x56000060。中断方式的寄存器基地址为 0x56000088、0x5600008c、0x56000090
3、编写驱动代码，编写驱动代码的步骤如下：
1）、编写出口、入口函数。代码如下，具体说明参考 Linux 驱动之 LED 驱动编写
static intsecond_drv_init(void){
Secondmajor = register_chrdev(0, "buttons", &second_drv_ops);//注册驱动程序if(Secondmajor < 0)
printk("failes 1 buttons_drv register\n");
second_drv_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "buttons");//创建类if(second_drv_class < 0)
printk("failes 2 buttons_drv register\n");
second_drv_class_dev = class_device_create(second_drv_class, NULL, MKDEV(Secondmajor,0), NULL,"buttons");//创建设备节点if(second_drv_class_dev < 0)
printk("failes 3 buttons_drv register\n");
gpfcon = ioremap(0x56000050, 16);//重映射
gpfdat = gpfcon + 1;
gpgcon = ioremap(0x56000060, 16);//重映射
gpgdat = gpgcon + 1;
printk("register buttons_drv\n");
return0;
}
static voidsecond_drv_exit(void){
unregister_chrdev(Secondmajor,"buttons");
class_device_unregister(second_drv_class_dev);
class_destroy(second_drv_class);
iounmap(gpfcon);
iounmap(gpgcon);
printk("unregister buttons_drv\n");
}
module_init(second_drv_init);
module_exit(second_drv_exit);2）、 添加 file_operations 结构体，这个是字符设备驱动的核心结构，所有的应用层调用的函数最终都会调用这个结构下面定义的函数
staticstructfile_operationsthird_drv_ops =
{
.owner =THIS_MODULE,
.open= third_drv_open,
.read = third_drv_read,
.release = third_drv_close,//增加关闭函数
};3）、分别编写 file_operations 结构体下的 open、read、release 函数。其中 open 函数主要将相应的 IO 端口配置成中断功能，并且向内核注册中断；read 函数主要是在按键引脚电平未改变时休眠，然后按键引脚电平改变后，将按键值传给应用程序处理。（按键值的处理在中断处理程序中）；relase 函数的功能主要是从内核释放掉 open 函数注册的中断。程序如下：
staticint third_drv_open (struct inode * inode, struct file * file)
{
int ret;
ret = request_irq(IRQ_EINT0, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "s1", (void * )&pins_desc[0]);//注册一个外部中断S1，双边沿触发，dev_id为&pins_desc[0]if(ret)
{
printk("open failed 1\n");
return -1;
}
ret = request_irq(IRQ_EINT2, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "s2", (void * )& pins_desc[1]);//注册一个外部中断S2，双边沿触发，dev_id为&pins_desc[1]if(ret)
{
printk("open failed 2\n");
return -1;
}
ret = request_irq(IRQ_EINT11, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "s3", (void * )&pins_desc[2]);//注册一个外部中断S3，双边沿触发，dev_id为&pins_desc[2]if(ret)
{
printk("open failed 3\n");
return -1;
}
ret = request_irq(IRQ_EINT19, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "s4", (void * )&pins_desc[3]);//注册一个外部中断S4，双边沿触发，dev_id为&pins_desc[3]if(ret)
{
printk("open failed 4\n");
return -1;
}
return0;
}
staticint third_drv_close(struct inode * inode, struct file * file)
{
free_irq(IRQ_EINT0 ,(void * )&pins_desc[0]);//释放中断，根据IRQ_EINT0找到irq_desc结构。根据pins_desc[0]找到irq_desc->action结构
free_irq(IRQ_EINT2 ,(void * )& pins_desc[1]);//释放中断，根据IRQ_EINT2找到irq_desc结构。根据pins_desc[2]找到irq_desc->action结构
free_irq(IRQ_EINT11 ,(void * )&pins_desc[2]);//释放中断，根据IRQ_EINT11找到irq_desc结构。根据pins_desc[3]找到irq_desc->action结构
free_irq(IRQ_EINT19 ,(void * )&pins_desc[3]);//释放中断，根据IRQ_EINT19找到irq_desc结构。根据pins_desc[4]找到irq_desc->action结构return0;
}
static ssize_t third_drv_read(struct file * file, char __user * userbuf, size_t count, loff_t * off)
{
int ret;
if(count != 1)
{
printk("read error\n");
return -1;
}
wait_event_interruptible(button_waitq, ev_press);//将当前进程放入等待队列button_waitq中,并且释放CPU进入睡眠状态
ret = copy_to_user(userbuf, &key_val, 1);//将取得的按键值传给上层应用
ev_press = 0;//按键已经处理可以继续睡眠if(ret)
{
printk("copy error\n");
return -1;
}
return1;
}4）、中断处理函数的编写，中断处理函数利用注册中断时传入的 dev_id 这个值来判断是哪个按键发生了中断，dev_iq 被赋值为 pin_desc 结构，如下：
structpin_desc
{unsignedint pin; //是哪个按键unsignedint key_val; //按键的按键值};
staticstructpin_descpins_desc[4] =
{
{S3C2410_GPF0,0x01},
{S3C2410_GPF2,0x02},
{S3C2410_GPG3,0x03},
{S3C2410_GPG11,0x04}
};取得哪个引脚发生的中断信息后，取得相应的引脚电平，然后确定按键值。接着将值传给 key_val，再唤醒调用 read 的进程，将值直接拷贝给应用程序。具体函数如下
staticunsignedint key_val;//全局变量/*
*0x01、0x02、0x03、0x04表示按键被按下
*//*
*0x81、0x82、0x83、0x84表示按键被松开
*//*
*利用dev_id的值为pins_desc来判断是哪一个按键被按下或松开
*/static irqreturn_t buttons_irq(int irq, void *dev_id){
unsignedint pin_val;
structpin_desc * pin_desc = (structpin_desc *)dev_id;//取得哪个按键被按下的状态，dev_id是action->dev_id，即在注册中断时传入的&pin_desc[num]
pin_val = s3c2410_gpio_getpin(pin_desc->pin); //取得按键对应的IO口的电平状态if(pin_val) //按键松开
key_val = 0x80 | pin_desc->key_val;
else
key_val = pin_desc->key_val;
wake_up_interruptible(&button_waitq); /* 唤醒休眠的进程，即调用read函数的进程 */
ev_press = 1;
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}5）、整体代码
#include<linux/module.h>#include<linux/kernel.h>#include<linux/fs.h>#include<linux/init.h>#include<asm/io.h> //含有iomap函数iounmap函数#include<asm/uaccess.h>//含有copy_from_user函数#include<linux/device.h>//含有类相关的处理函数#include<asm/arch/regs-gpio.h>//含有S3C2410_GPF0等相关的#include<linux/irq.h> //含有IRQ_HANDLED\IRQ_TYPE_EDGE_RISING#include<asm-arm/irq.h> //含有IRQT_BOTHEDGE触发类型#include<linux/interrupt.h> //含有request_irq、free_irq函数//#include <asm-arm\arch-s3c2410\irqs.h>staticstruct class *third_drv_class;//类staticstructclass_device *third_drv_class_dev;//类下面的设备staticint thirdmajor;
staticunsignedlong *gpfcon =NULL;
staticunsignedlong *gpfdat =NULL;
staticunsignedlong *gpgcon =NULL;
staticunsignedlong *gpgdat =NULL;
structpin_desc
{unsignedint pin; //是哪个按键unsignedint key_val; //按键的按键值};
staticstructpin_descpins_desc[4] =
{
{S3C2410_GPF0,0x01},
{S3C2410_GPF2,0x02},
{S3C2410_GPG3,0x03},
{S3C2410_GPG11,0x04}
};
unsignedint ev_press;
DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(button_waitq);//注册一个等待队列button_waitqstaticunsignedint key_val;//全局变量/*
*0x01、0x02、0x03、0x04表示按键被按下
*//*
*0x81、0x82、0x83、0x84表示按键被松开
*//*
*利用dev_id的值为pins_desc来判断是哪一个按键被按下或松开
*/static irqreturn_t buttons_irq(int irq, void *dev_id){
unsignedint pin_val;
structpin_desc * pin_desc = (structpin_desc *)dev_id;//取得哪个按键被按下的状态，dev_id是action->dev_id，即在注册中断时传入的&pin_desc[num]
pin_val = s3c2410_gpio_getpin(pin_desc->pin); //取得按键对应的IO口的电平状态if(pin_val) //按键松开
key_val = 0x80 | pin_desc->key_val;
else
key_val = pin_desc->key_val;
wake_up_interruptible(&button_waitq); /* 唤醒休眠的进程，即调用read函数的进程 */
ev_press = 1;
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
static intthird_drv_open(struct inode * inode, struct file * file){
int ret;
ret = request_irq(IRQ_EINT0, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "s1", (void * )&pins_desc[0]);//注册一个外部中断S1，双边沿触发，dev_id为&pins_desc[0]if(ret)
{
printk("open failed 1\n");
return-1;
}
ret = request_irq(IRQ_EINT2, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "s2", (void * )& pins_desc[1]);//注册一个外部中断S2，双边沿触发，dev_id为&pins_desc[1]if(ret)
{
printk("open failed 2\n");
return-1;
}
ret = request_irq(IRQ_EINT11, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "s3", (void * )&pins_desc[2]);//注册一个外部中断S3，双边沿触发，dev_id为&pins_desc[2]if(ret)
{
printk("open failed 3\n");
return-1;
}
ret = request_irq(IRQ_EINT19, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "s4", (void * )&pins_desc[3]);//注册一个外部中断S4，双边沿触发，dev_id为&pins_desc[3]if(ret)
{
printk("open failed 4\n");
return-1;
}
return0;
}
static intthird_drv_close(struct inode * inode, struct file * file){
free_irq(IRQ_EINT0 ,(void * )&pins_desc[0]);//释放中断，根据IRQ_EINT0找到irq_desc结构。根据pins_desc[0]找到irq_desc->action结构
free_irq(IRQ_EINT2 ,(void * )& pins_desc[1]);//释放中断，根据IRQ_EINT2找到irq_desc结构。根据pins_desc[2]找到irq_desc->action结构
free_irq(IRQ_EINT11 ,(void * )&pins_desc[2]);//释放中断，根据IRQ_EINT11找到irq_desc结构。根据pins_desc[3]找到irq_desc->action结构
free_irq(IRQ_EINT19 ,(void * )&pins_desc[3]);//释放中断，根据IRQ_EINT19找到irq_desc结构。根据pins_desc[4]找到irq_desc->action结构return0;
}
static ssize_t third_drv_read(struct file * file, char __user * userbuf, size_t count, loff_t * off){
int ret;
if(count != 1)
{
printk("read error\n");
return-1;
}
wait_event_interruptible(button_waitq, ev_press);//将当前进程放入等待队列button_waitq中,并且释放CPU进入睡眠状态
ret = copy_to_user(userbuf, &key_val, 1);//将取得的按键值传给上层应用
ev_press = 0;//按键已经处理可以继续睡眠if(ret)
{
printk("copy error\n");
return-1;
}
return1;
}
staticstructfile_operationsthird_drv_ops =
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = third_drv_open,
.read = third_drv_read,
.release = third_drv_close,//增加关闭函数};
static intthird_drv_init(void){
thirdmajor = register_chrdev(0, "buttons", &third_drv_ops);//注册驱动程序if(thirdmajor < 0)
printk("failes 1 buttons_drv register\n");
third_drv_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "buttons");//创建类if(third_drv_class < 0)
printk("failes 2 buttons_drv register\n");
third_drv_class_dev = class_device_create(third_drv_class, NULL, MKDEV(thirdmajor,0), NULL,"buttons");//创建设备节点if(third_drv_class_dev < 0)
printk("failes 3 buttons_drv register\n");
gpfcon = ioremap(0x56000050, 16);//重映射
gpfdat = gpfcon + 1;
gpgcon = ioremap(0x56000060, 16);//重映射
gpgdat = gpgcon + 1;
printk("register buttons_drv\n");
return0;
}
static voidthird_drv_exit(void){
unregister_chrdev(thirdmajor,"buttons");
class_device_unregister(third_drv_class_dev);
class_destroy(third_drv_class);
iounmap(gpfcon);
iounmap(gpgcon);
printk("unregister buttons_drv\n");
}
module_init(third_drv_init);
module_exit(third_drv_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
4、确定应用程序功能，编写测试代码。
测试程序实现四个按键中有一个按键按下时，打印出这个按键的按键值。./third_test。直接看代码
#include<sys/types.h>#include<sys/stat.h>#include<fcntl.h>#include<stdio.h>/*
*usage ./buttonstest
*/intmain(int argc, char **argv){
int fd;
char* filename="dev/buttons";
unsignedchar key_val;
unsignedlong cnt=0;
fd = open(filename, O_RDWR);//打开dev/firstdrv设备文件if (fd < 0)//小于0说明没有成功 {
printf("error, can't open %s\n", filename);
return0;
}
if(argc !=1)
{
printf("Usage : %s ",argv[0]);
return0;
}
while(1)
{
read(fd, &key_val, 1);
printf("key_val: %x\n",key_val);
}
return0;
}
5、编写 Makefile，编译驱动代码与测试代码，在开发板上运行
Makefile 源码如下：
KERN_DIR = /work/system/linux-2.6.22.6
all:
make -C $(KERN_DIR) M=`pwd` modules //M='pwd'表示当前目录。这句话的意思是利用内核目录下的Makefile规则来编译当前目录下的模块
clean:
make -C $(KERN_DIR) M=`pwd` modules clean
rm -rf modules.order
obj-m +=third_drv.o//调用内核目录下Makefile编译时需要用到这个参数1）、然后在当前目录下 make 后编译出 third_drv.ko 文件
2）、arm-linux-gcc -o third_test third_test.c 编译出 third_test 测试程序
3）、cp third_drv.ko third_test /work/nfs_root 将编译出来的文件拷贝到开发板挂接的网络文件系统上
4）、执行 insmod third_drv.ko 加载驱动。
5）、./third_test 测试程序，按下按键，成功打印按键值，用 top 命令查看应用程序发现 third_test 程序占用了 0% 的 CPU 资源，驱动程序相比查询方式的驱动改善了。
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