The switch Statement

Coding时，碰到匹配到多个条件都执行同一段语句，发现自己对switch还不是特别了解，所以查阅了相关资料来记录一下。

The switch Statement

一个switch语句可以用一个或多个label或一个default label

The body of a switch statement is known as a switch block. A statement in the switch block can be labeled with one or more case or default labels.

1. 标签值只限下列类型

A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int primitive data types. It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types), the String class, and a few special classes that wrap certain primitive types: Character, Byte, Short, and Integer (discussed in Numbers and Strings).

2. 什么情况下用switch

if语句一般匹配某一范围，switch语句匹配某一单个的整形，枚举或字符串对象。

Deciding whether to use if-then-else statements or a switch statement is based on readability and the expression that the statement is testing. An if-then-else statement can test expressions based on ranges of values or conditions, whereas a switch statement tests expressions based only on a single integer, enumerated value, or String object.

3. break的妙用

break是终止switch语句的，没有它，从匹配到的条件开始，后面的代码块都会依次执行，不管后续的匹配条件，直到遇到break才结束。如果switch没有break，则从匹配到的label开始执行代码块，直接后续label中所有代码块执行才结束。

Each break statement terminates the enclosing switch statement. Control flow continues with the first statement following the switch block. The break statements are necessary because without them, statements in switch blocks fall through: All statements after the matching case label are executed in sequence, regardless of the expression of subsequent case labels, until a break statement is encountered.

例如：

public class SwitchDemoFallThrough {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        java.util.ArrayList<String> futureMonths =
            new java.util.ArrayList<String>();

        int month = 8;

        switch (month) {
            case 1:  futureMonths.add("January");
            case 2:  futureMonths.add("February");
            case 3:  futureMonths.add("March");
            case 4:  futureMonths.add("April");
            case 5:  futureMonths.add("May");
            case 6:  futureMonths.add("June");
            case 7:  futureMonths.add("July");
            case 8:  futureMonths.add("August");
            case 9:  futureMonths.add("September");
            case 10: futureMonths.add("October");
            case 11: futureMonths.add("November");
            case 12: futureMonths.add("December");
                     break;
            default: break;
        }

        if (futureMonths.isEmpty()) {
            System.out.println("Invalid month number");
        } else {
            for (String monthName : futureMonths) {
               System.out.println(monthName);
            }
        }
    }
}

匹配到8开始执行代码块，直接遇到第一个break才结束。

This is the output from the code:
August
September
October
November
December

4. 多个标签匹配

一个语句可以有多个标签
例如：

class SwitchDemo2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int month = 2;
        int year = 2000;
        int numDays = 0;

        switch (month) {
            case 1: case 3: case 5:
            case 7: case 8: case 10:
            case 12:
                numDays = 31;
                break;
            case 4: case 6:
            case 9: case 11:
                numDays = 30;
                break;
            case 2:
                if (((year % 4 == 0) && 
                     !(year % 100 == 0))
                     || (year % 400 == 0))
                    numDays = 29;
                else
                    numDays = 28;
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("Invalid month.");
                break;
        }
        System.out.println("Number of Days = "
                           + numDays);
    }
}

1，3，5，7，8，10月都是31天，4，6，9，11是30天。

This is the output from the code:
Number of Days = 29

5. String case label， 匹配时是用String.equals

The String in the switch expression is compared with the expressions associated with each case label as if the String.equals method were being used

6. Enum case label

public enum Day {
    SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
    THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY 
}

public class EnumTest {
    Day day;
    
    public EnumTest(Day day) {
        this.day = day;
    }
    
    public void tellItLikeItIs() {
        switch (day) {
            case MONDAY:
                System.out.println("Mondays are bad.");
                break;
                    
            case FRIDAY:
                System.out.println("Fridays are better.");
                break;
                         
            case SATURDAY: case SUNDAY:
                System.out.println("Weekends are best.");
                break;
                        
            default:
                System.out.println("Midweek days are so-so.");
                break;
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        EnumTest firstDay = new EnumTest(Day.MONDAY);
        firstDay.tellItLikeItIs();
        EnumTest thirdDay = new EnumTest(Day.WEDNESDAY);
        thirdDay.tellItLikeItIs();
        EnumTest fifthDay = new EnumTest(Day.FRIDAY);
        fifthDay.tellItLikeItIs();
        EnumTest sixthDay = new EnumTest(Day.SATURDAY);
        sixthDay.tellItLikeItIs();
        EnumTest seventhDay = new EnumTest(Day.SUNDAY);
        seventhDay.tellItLikeItIs();
    }
}

The output is:
Mondays are bad.
Midweek days are so-so.
Fridays are better.
Weekends are best.
Weekends are best.