Python编程学习笔记（二）

三、列表简介

列表由一系列按特定顺序排列的元素组成，列表用方括号([ ])表示。

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
	print(bicycles)
['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']

（1）访问列表元素：列表名[n]
索引从0开始；-n表示倒数第n个元素

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
	print(bicycles[1].title());\
	print(bicycles[-1])
Cannondale
specialized

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    message="My first bicycle was a "+bicycles[0].title()+".";\
    print(message)
My first bicycle was a Trek.

（2）修改、添加和删除元素：
  修改：直接赋值

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    bicycles[2]='ducati';\
	print(bicycles)
['trek', 'cannondale', 'ducati', 'specialized']

  添加：在末尾添加：append(要添加的元素)

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    bicycles.append('ducati');\
    print(bicycles)
['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized', 'ducati']

     在列表插入：insert(n,要添加的元素)

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    bicycles.insert(1,'ducati');\
    print(bicycles)
['trek', 'ducati', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']

  删除：del 列表名[n],可删除任意元素，删除后就无法访问该元素；

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
	del bicycles[0];\
	print(bicycles)
['cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']

     pop(),可删除任意元素，默认堆栈删除，删除后可以访问该元素；

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    last_owned=bicycles.pop();\
    print(bicycles);\
    print(last_owned)
['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline']
specialized

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    second_owned=bicycles.pop(1);\
    print('The second bicycle I owned was a '+second_owned.title()+'.')
The second bicycle I owned was a Cannondale.

     remove(),根据值删除元素，只删除第一个符合要求的值（可以使用循环删除所有值），可以访问。

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    too_expensive='specialized';\
    bicycles.remove(too_expensive);\
    print(bicycles);\
    print('\nA '+too_expensive.title()+' is too expensive for me.')

  输出结果：

['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline']

A Specialized is too expensive for me.

（3）组织列表（排序、长度）
  永久性排序：sort(),按字母排序，可正可反，无法恢复；

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    bicycles.sort();\
    print(bicycles)
['cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized', 'trek']

按字母反向排序：reverse=True，无法恢复

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    bicycles.sort(reverse=True);\
    print(bicycles)
['trek', 'specialized', 'redline', 'cannondale']

>>> numbers=[2,6,0,4,5,9,8,7];\
    numbers.sort(reverse=True);\
    print(numbers)
[9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 2, 0]

  临时排序：sorted(),可正可反，不改变原始排序；

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
    print (sorted(bicycles));\
    print(bicycles)#原始顺序没有改变
['cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized', 'trek']
['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']

  倒着打印：reverse(),永久改变，但可再次使用reverse()来恢复；

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];\
	bicycles1=bicycles.reverse();\
	print(bicycles);\
	print(bicycles1)
['specialized', 'redline', 'cannondale', 'trek']
None

    注：不能赋值
  确定列表长度：len()

>>> bicycles=['trek','cannondale','redline','specialized'];
>>> len(bicycles)
4

四、操作列表

1.遍历整个列表

for循环

magicians=['alice','david','carlina']
for person in magicians:#person可被替换成任意临时变量名
    print(person)

输出结果：

alice
david
carlina

---

magicians=['alice','david','carlina']
for person in magicians:
    print(person.title()+',that was a great trick!')#注意缩进与不缩进区别
    print("I can't wait to see your next trick,"+person.title()+".\n")
print('Thank you,everyone.That was a great magic show!')

输出结果：

Alice,that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick,Alice.

David,that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick,David.

Carlina,that was a great trick!
I can't wait to see your next trick,Carlina.

Thank you,everyone.That was a great magic show!

注意：该缩进时必须缩进，不该缩进时不要缩进；
   不要遗漏冒号。

2.创建数字列表

(1)函数range()
  range(起始值，终值，步长），默认初值为0，默认步长为1.

for value in range(1,5):
    print(value)

输出结果：

1
2
3
4

注：不是1 2 3 4 5
(2)使用range()创建数字列表：list()

even_numbers=list(range(0,11,2))
print(even_numbers)

输出结果：

[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

---

平方数字列表

squares=[]                #创建空列表
for value in range(1,11):
    square=value**2
    squares.append(square)#在列表后加入新的平方值
print(squares)

或

squares=[]                #创建空列表
for value in range(1,11):
    squares.append(value**2)#在列表后加入新的平方值
print(squares)

输出结果：

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

(3)对数字列表进行简单的统计计算：min(),max(),sum()等

>>> digits=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]
>>> min(digits)
0
>>> max(digits)
9
>>> sum(digits)
45

(4)列表解析：将for循环和创建新元素代码合并成一行，并自动附加新元素。

squares=[value**2 for value in range(1,11)]
print(squares)
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

3.使用列表的一部分

(1)切片[起始元素:终止元素+1];可反向索引（-n）

players=['charles','martina','michael','florence','eli']
print(players[1:3])
print(players[:4])
print(players[-4:-1])
print(players[-3:])

输出结果：

['martina', 'michael']
['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence']
['martina', 'michael', 'florence']
['michael', 'florence', 'eli']

(2)遍历切片：for循环

players=['charles','martina','michael','florence','eli']
print('Here are the first three players on my team:')
for player in players[:3]:
    print(player.title())

输出结果：

Here are the first three players on my team:
Charles
Martina
Michael

(3)复制列表:同时省略起始索引和终止索引[:]

my_foods=['pizza','apple','carrot cake']
friend_foods=my_foods[:]

print('My favorite foods are:')
print(my_foods)

print("My frieds's favorite foods are:")
print(friend_foods)
#附加食物后各自不同
my_foods.append('hot dog')
friend_foods.append('ice cream')

print('\nMy favorite foods are:')
print(my_foods)

print("My frieds's favorite foods are:")
print(friend_foods)

输出结果：

My favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'apple', 'carrot cake']
My frieds's favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'apple', 'carrot cake']

My favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'apple', 'carrot cake', 'hot dog']
My frieds's favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'apple', 'carrot cake', 'ice cream']

若无[:]

my_foods=['pizza','apple','carrot cake']
friend_foods=my_foods

print('My favorite foods are:')
print(my_foods)

print("My frieds's favorite foods are:")
print(friend_foods)
#附加食物后相同
my_foods.append('hot dog')
friend_foods.append('ice cream')

print('\nMy favorite foods are:')
print(my_foods)

print("My frieds's favorite foods are:")
print(friend_foods)

输出结果：

My favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'apple', 'carrot cake']
My frieds's favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'apple', 'carrot cake']

My favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'apple', 'carrot cake', 'hot dog', 'ice cream']
My frieds's favorite foods are:
['pizza', 'apple', 'carrot cake', 'hot dog', 'ice cream']

4.元组

不可变的列表称为元组。
（1）定义元组：用圆括号()表示

dimensions=(200,50)
print(dimensions[0])
print(dimensions[-1])
#dimensions[0]=250
#上句错误，不能给元组的元素赋值

输出结果：

200
50

（2）遍历元组中所有值：for循环

dimensions=(200,50)
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)

输出结果：

200
50

（3）修改元组变量：可以给存储元组的变量赋值

dimensions=(200,50)
print('Original dimensions:')
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)
#修改   
dimensions=('danny','jenny')
print('\nModified dimensions:')
for dimension in dimensions:
    print(dimension)

输出结果：

Original dimensions:
200
50

Modified dimensions:
danny
jenny

附：
代码格式：缩进：每级4个空格；
     行长：不超过80字符
     空行：适中

参考文献：袁国忠，Python编程：从入门到实践