x509证书

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509

http://blog.csdn.net/wuzh1230/article/details/4240238

http://blog.csdn.net/wuzh1230/article/details/7211997

证书文件的编码

二进制编码 - DER

按照x509的ASN1定义的结构编码结果直接写入二进制文件。

    Certificate  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
        tbsCertificate       TBSCertificate,
        signatureAlgorithm   AlgorithmIdentifier,
        signatureValue       BIT STRING  }

    TBSCertificate  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
        version         [0]  EXPLICIT Version DEFAULT v1,
        serialNumber         CertificateSerialNumber,
        signature            AlgorithmIdentifier,
        issuer               Name,
        validity             Validity,
        subject              Name,
        subjectPublicKeyInfo SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
        issuerUniqueID  [1]  IMPLICIT UniqueIdentifier OPTIONAL,
                             -- If present, version MUST be v2 or v3
        subjectUniqueID [2]  IMPLICIT UniqueIdentifier OPTIONAL,
                             -- If present, version MUST be v2 or v3
        extensions      [3]  EXPLICIT Extensions OPTIONAL
                             -- If present, version MUST be v3
        }

    Version  ::=  INTEGER  {  v1(0), v2(1), v3(2)  }

    CertificateSerialNumber  ::=  INTEGER

    Validity ::= SEQUENCE {
        notBefore      Time,
        notAfter       Time }

    Time ::= CHOICE {
        utcTime        UTCTime,
        generalTime    GeneralizedTime }

    UniqueIdentifier  ::=  BIT STRING

    SubjectPublicKeyInfo  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
        algorithm            AlgorithmIdentifier,
        subjectPublicKey     BIT STRING  }

    Extensions  ::=  SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF Extension

    Extension  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
        extnID      OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
        critical    BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
        extnValue   OCTET STRING
                    -- contains the DER encoding of an ASN.1 value
                    -- corresponding to the extension type identified
                    -- by extnID
        }
    AlgorithmIdentifier  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
        algorithm               OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
        parameters              ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL  
        }

如何提取tbs证书(how to extrace a tbsCertificate from a cert)

openssl asn1parse -in alicecert.pem -out tbsCert.der -noout -strparse 4

* 注意输入是pem编码的证书，输出是der编码的证书, 输出如下：

00000000  30 82 02 ba 02 09 00 f3  f9 32 df e4 8e ec 15 30  |0........2.....0|
00000010  0d 06 09 2a 86 48 86 f7  0d 01 01 0b 05 00 30 2b  |...*.H........0+|
00000020  31 29 30 27 06 09 2a 86  48 86 f7 0d 01 09 01 16  |1)0'..*.H.......|
00000030  1a 69 6d 61 6c 69 63 65  2e 66 72 65 65 6d 61 69  |.imalice.freemai|
00000040  6c 40 67 6d 61 69 6c 2e  63 6f 6d 30 1e 17 0d 31  |l@gmail.com0...1|
00000050  35 30 33 32 35 30 38 32  32 35 33 5a 17 0d 31 36  |50325082253Z..16|
00000060  30 33 32 34 30 38 32 32  35 33 5a 30 2b 31 29 30  |0324082253Z0+1)0|
00000070  27 06 09 2a 86 48 86 f7  0d 01 09 01 16 1a 69 6d  |'..*.H........im|
00000080  61 6c 69 63 65 2e 66 72  65 65 6d 61 69 6c 40 67  |alice.freemail@g|
00000090  6d 61 69 6c 2e 63 6f 6d  30 82 02 22 30 0d 06 09  |mail.com0.."0...|
000000a0  2a 86 48 86 f7 0d 01 01  01 05 00 03 82 02 0f 00  |*.H.............|
000000b0  30 82 02 0a 02 82 02 01  00 b0 7f 43 78 36 9c 0b  |0..........Cx6..|
000000c0  fe db 64 d1 36 0b 6b 98  61 6b 73 52 cc 3f ff f0  |..d.6.k.aksR.?..|
000000d0  35 6a 45 80 ef 5a 9d f8  1d 19 9f a6 b7 29 09 10  |5jE..Z.......)..|
000000e0  63 bb 9e 47 13 79 7e 10  a3 9c 68 1c fe 24 d1 41  |c..G.y~...h..$.A|
000000f0  47 1e b5 2c 30 c9 4e ab  cd 14 fc aa 9e 25 60 10  |G..,0.N......%`.|
00000100  dd b9 af 7d ca 71 23 b2  fc 16 f6 44 7b 01 d5 09  |...}.q#....D{...|
00000110  89 36 7a b3 61 3d c8 9a  bb 4d b7 64 c1 3d 09 40  |.6z.a=...M.d.=.@|
00000120  1a af 95 bd d2 f0 fc 8c  0f 93 e7 2d de 23 4d 86  |...........-.#M.|
00000130  d3 a5 a4 1b a4 6c 71 32  b5 34 0d b0 90 a4 aa c3  |.....lq2.4......|
00000140  75 51 69 58 0c a5 bd b1  a7 a3 8e 7c 2d 15 5b c1  |uQiX.......|-.[.|
00000150  19 70 5f 76 e5 91 12 42  01 00 63 8d ec 70 e5 60  |.p_v...B..c..p.`|
00000160  c6 ef 8a bf 81 ff 7b 55  4c 39 b1 33 ca 60 06 91  |......{UL9.3.`..|
00000170  58 5a 7d 5c 1c a7 e1 98  13 42 7c c9 de c8 4d 26  |XZ}\.....B|...M&|
00000180  a0 18 31 73 0a 65 f1 8b  8d 2b ad 2b a8 81 82 1f  |..1s.e...+.+....|
00000190  47 83 22 b4 9d 44 db 7f  84 5d 5b 02 c1 4e 7a 84  |G."..D...][..Nz.|
000001a0  a9 37 cd 5c 29 41 31 3c  15 19 40 0d d7 3a b9 4d  |.7.\)A1<..@..:.M|
000001b0  f4 7d a8 e0 07 9e 18 ab  26 a3 e7 ec 4d 9f 44 3f  |.}......&...M.D?|
000001c0  7f 0c 14 32 be 51 6d b1  36 7e bc 2d 5e 09 dc 22  |...2.Qm.6~.-^.."|
000001d0  f3 74 d2 0e 36 e8 f7 5e  0f b7 3c 44 39 41 f5 b8  |.t..6..^..<D9A..|
000001e0  28 74 c8 9e e9 5c a0 1f  31 26 91 bb e6 da 0f c0  |(t...\..1&......|
000001f0  a0 62 f6 ee f4 62 48 2d  4e 77 04 5c 4f 22 15 d3  |.b...bH-Nw.\O"..|
00000200  cc b6 bf 03 21 66 92 11  e0 ee f9 5a 34 e6 98 06  |....!f.....Z4...|
00000210  a8 53 5c e5 7c 2d 28 54  5b d9 59 f6 4d 60 54 32  |.S\.|-(T[.Y.M`T2|
00000220  78 29 37 82 3b 03 d2 59  39 81 66 74 30 ee 8f e1  |x)7.;..Y9.ft0...|
00000230  64 39 1a 7f c0 33 0f be  92 1a f6 75 87 24 ab 35  |d9...3.....u.$.5|
00000240  3c 24 00 16 2b c8 01 a1  56 24 8b 2b e8 f1 84 b6  |<$..+...V$.+....|
00000250  39 eb 27 4d ab 25 06 bd  f6 14 1b 20 45 88 d5 d3  |9.'M.%..... E...|
00000260  28 41 5c e5 af 75 0c 5f  bf 80 b6 8a d1 79 c7 cc  |(A\..u._.....y..|
00000270  96 74 3e 31 c4 e7 cb dd  cd 5f ec c7 2c e2 34 fd  |.t>1....._..,.4.|
00000280  41 30 3a 06 5a ea 06 0e  f3 23 0a c7 d8 bb ac 04  |A0:.Z....#......|
00000290  71 62 b3 d3 dc e0 d5 1c  69 6e 4c 3e 58 0b 18 d3  |qb......inL>X...|
000002a0  f3 55 8d ee 1d 47 89 8c  83 c6 1d 5c 12 9b ce 7a  |.U...G.....\...z|
000002b0  3b 43 4b 98 e3 0a ac fc  1f 02 03 01 00 01        |;CK...........|

还有个办法（alterlate way is use `dd' to pick tbsCertificate out of originate cert file)

dd if=alicecert.der of=alicecert.tbs.der bs=1 count=702 skip=4

文本编码 - PEM

通过base64编码DER证书的二进制内容以后，

前后附加

"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----"

base64编码的证书内容

"-----END CERTIFICATE-----"

等字段保存为文本文件(Privacy Enhanced Mail)。

证书文件的后缀

• .cer, .crt,– usually in binary DER form, but Base64-encoded certificates are common too (see .pem above)
• .pfx, predecessor of PKCS#12 (usually contains data in PKCS#12 format, e.g., with PFX files generated in IIS)
  

  
  

  当然有的时候，der和pem也可直接用作文件的后缀，直接表示这个证书的编码。

  
  

  x509证书格式定义

  ...

• 一个典型的网站证书

  Certificate:
     Data:
         Version: 1 (0x0)
         Serial Number: 7829 (0x1e95)
         Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
         Issuer: C=ZA, ST=Western Cape, L=Cape Town, O=Thawte Consulting cc,
                 OU=Certification Services Division,
                 CN=Thawte Server CA/emailAddress=server-certs@thawte.com
         Validity   
             Not Before: Jul  9 16:04:02 1998 GMT
             Not After : Jul  9 16:04:02 1999 GMT
         Subject: C=US, ST=Maryland, L=Pasadena, O=Brent Baccala,
                  OU=FreeSoft, CN=www.freesoft.org/emailAddress=baccala@freesoft.org
         Subject Public Key Info:
             Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
             RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
                 Modulus (1024 bit):
                     00:b4:31:98:0a:c4:bc:62:c1:88:aa:dc:b0:c8:bb:
                     33:35:19:d5:0c:64:b9:3d:41:b2:96:fc:f3:31:e1:
                     66:36:d0:8e:56:12:44:ba:75:eb:e8:1c:9c:5b:66:
                     70:33:52:14:c9:ec:4f:91:51:70:39:de:53:85:17:
                     16:94:6e:ee:f4:d5:6f:d5:ca:b3:47:5e:1b:0c:7b:
                     c5:cc:2b:6b:c1:90:c3:16:31:0d:bf:7a:c7:47:77:
                     8f:a0:21:c7:4c:d0:16:65:00:c1:0f:d7:b8:80:e3:
                     d2:75:6b:c1:ea:9e:5c:5c:ea:7d:c1:a1:10:bc:b8:
                     e8:35:1c:9e:27:52:7e:41:8f
                 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
     Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
         93:5f:8f:5f:c5:af:bf:0a:ab:a5:6d:fb:24:5f:b6:59:5d:9d:
         92:2e:4a:1b:8b:ac:7d:99:17:5d:cd:19:f6:ad:ef:63:2f:92:
         ab:2f:4b:cf:0a:13:90:ee:2c:0e:43:03:be:f6:ea:8e:9c:67:
         d0:a2:40:03:f7:ef:6a:15:09:79:a9:46:ed:b7:16:1b:41:72:
         0d:19:aa:ad:dd:9a:df:ab:97:50:65:f5:5e:85:a6:ef:19:d1:
         5a:de:9d:ea:63:cd:cb:cc:6d:5d:01:85:b5:6d:c8:f3:d9:f7:
         8f:0e:fc:ba:1f:34:e9:96:6e:6c:cf:f2:ef:9b:bf:de:b5:22:
         68:9f

  
  

  证书的验证

  
  

  自签名证书

  Certificate:
     Data:
         Version: 3 (0x2)
         Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
         Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
         Issuer: C=ZA, ST=Western Cape, L=Cape Town, O=Thawte Consulting cc,
                 OU=Certification Services Division,
                 CN=Thawte Server CA/emailAddress=server-certs@thawte.com
         Validity
             Not Before: Aug  1 00:00:00 1996 GMT
             Not After : Dec 31 23:59:59 2020 GMT
         Subject: C=ZA, ST=Western Cape, L=Cape Town, O=Thawte Consulting cc,
                  OU=Certification Services Division,
                  CN=Thawte Server CA/emailAddress=server-certs@thawte.com
         Subject Public Key Info:
             Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
             RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
                 Modulus (1024 bit):
                     00:d3:a4:50:6e:c8:ff:56:6b:e6:cf:5d:b6:ea:0c:
                     68:75:47:a2:aa:c2:da:84:25:fc:a8:f4:47:51:da:
                     85:b5:20:74:94:86:1e:0f:75:c9:e9:08:61:f5:06:
                     6d:30:6e:15:19:02:e9:52:c0:62:db:4d:99:9e:e2:
                     6a:0c:44:38:cd:fe:be:e3:64:09:70:c5:fe:b1:6b:
                     29:b6:2f:49:c8:3b:d4:27:04:25:10:97:2f:e7:90:
                     6d:c0:28:42:99:d7:4c:43:de:c3:f5:21:6d:54:9f:
                     5d:c3:58:e1:c0:e4:d9:5b:b0:b8:dc:b4:7b:df:36:
                     3a:c2:b5:66:22:12:d6:87:0d
                 Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
         X509v3 extensions:
             X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                 CA:TRUE
     Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
         07:fa:4c:69:5c:fb:95:cc:46:ee:85:83:4d:21:30:8e:ca:d9:
         a8:6f:49:1a:e6:da:51:e3:60:70:6c:84:61:11:a1:1a:c8:48:
         3e:59:43:7d:4f:95:3d:a1:8b:b7:0b:62:98:7a:75:8a:dd:88:
         4e:4e:9e:40:db:a8:cc:32:74:b9:6f:0d:c6:e3:b3:44:0b:d9:
         8a:6f:9a:29:9b:99:18:28:3b:d1:e3:40:28:9a:5a:3c:d5:b5:
         e7:20:1b:8b:ca:a4:ab:8d:e9:51:d9:e2:4c:2c:59:a9:da:b9:
         b2:75:1b:f6:42:f2:ef:c7:f2:18:f9:89:bc:a3:ff:8a:23:2e:
         70:47

  
  

  md5碰撞攻击

  ...