MySQL-简介及安装升级

1、 MYSQL介绍

1>什么是数据?

图片、文字、视频、用户账户信息、订单等

2>数据库管理系统(DBMS)
分为三大类:
(1)RDBMS(关系型数据库管理系统)
      比较适合于,安全级别要求高的数据以及关系较复杂的数据
(2)NoSQL(非关系型数据库管理系统)
      适合于高性能存取数据,一般是配合RDBMS进行使用的针对大数据处理分析,分布式架构更加擅长
(3)NewSQL(分布式型)

常见的关系型数据库和非关系型数据及其区别

3>MYSQL软件分支

Oracle的MySQL
Mariadb
PerconaDB
云数据库(RDS MySQL、腾讯DB等)

4>Oracle的MySQL的企业版本选择

3.6.1 企业主流版本
5.6(5.6.34、5.6.36、5.6.38、5.6.40)
5.7(5.7.18、5.7.19、5.7.20、5.7.24)
官网下载地址:https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/community/

16955089-a5a4736b8ddd7689.png

注:关于版本GA时间,尽量记录两个版本的具体GA(稳定的发布版)时间(5.6.38 、5.7.20 2017013)

5>企业版本新环境建议

上生产使用5.7 版本 (偶数版) GA(稳定的发布版) 6-12 月版本

2、 MySQL 5.7.26 二进制版规划和部署

规划:
1> 硬件环境

DELL R720 ,CPU28,128G内存 ,RAID108600G(SAS)

2>系统
CentOS7.6
内核版本3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
3>网络规划
eth010.0.0.51/24
hostnamedb01
4>存储规划

/dev/sdb

部署:
1>创建相关目录
[root@db01 ~]# mkdir -p /application   #软件的存放目录
[root@db01 ~]# mkdir /data/3306/data -p   #存放数据的目录
2>创建用户
[root@db01 ~]# useradd mysql -s /sbin/nologin -M
[root@db01 ~]# id mysql
uid=1001(mysql) gid=1001(mysql) groups=1001(mysql)
[root@db01 ~]# 
3>上传软件并解压处理
[root@db01 ~]# cd /application/
[root@db01 /application]# rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@db01 /application]# ls
mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@db01 /application]# tar xf mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz 
[root@db01 /application]# ls
mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@db01 /application]# ln -s /application/mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /application/mysql
[root@db01 /application]# ls
mysql  mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
4>数据初始化
###注:初始化之前,一定要先删除虚拟机中已有的mariadb
[root@db01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep mariadb
mariadb-libs-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64
[root@db01 ~]# yum remove mariadb-libs-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64

###配置环境变量
[root@db01 ~]# vim /etc/profile
export PATH=/application/mysql/bin:$PATH
[root@db01 /application]# source /etc/profile
[root@db01 /application]# mysql -V
mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.26, for linux-glibc2.12 (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper
[root@db01 /application]# 

[root@db01 ~]# mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --basedir=/application/mysql --datadir=/data/3306/data
2019-08-05T04:32:18.752279Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2019-08-05T04:32:21.450186Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2019-08-05T04:32:21.538862Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2019-08-05T04:32:21.597721Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 0414eb5e-b73a-11e9-ba72-000c290143b9.
2019-08-05T04:32:21.600866Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2019-08-05T04:32:21.601243Z 1 [Warning] root@localhost is created with an empty password ! Please consider switching off the --initialize-insecure option.
[root@db01 ~]# 

遇到的错误:mysqld: error while loading shared libraries: libaio.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
原因:缺少libaio-devel
解决:yum install -y libaio-devel即可

注意:mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --basedir=/application/mysql --datadir=/data/3306/data,作用就是生成数据到/data/3306/data中
参数说明:
--initialize-insecure 启用非安全模式,进行数据初始化
--initialize 启用安全模式,进行数据初始化
5.7版本以后,加强了用户密码安全管理的功能
(1)密码长度做了规范
(2)密码复杂度有要求
(3)在一次初始化时,总动生成密码

扩展5.6版本:
初始化的方式:/application/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db
启动方式说明:systemd(CentOS)

5>书写配置文件
cat >/etc/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
user=mysql
basedir=/application/mysql
datadir=/data/3306/data
socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
[mysql]
socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
prompt=[\\d]
EOF
6>准备启动脚本
chown -R mysql.mysql /data/* /application/mysql/*

[root@db01 /application/mysql/support-files]# cp /application/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@db01 /application/mysql/support-files]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/data/3306/data/db01.err'.
 SUCCESS! 
[root@db01 /application/mysql/support-files]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.26 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

使用systemctl管理启动mysqld

cat > /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

3、 同主机版本升级(扩展)

5.7.36------->8.0.16

1>备份

先拍摄快照并备份
测试的空环境可忽略备份

2>上传8.0软件包到/application/下进行解压,并创建软连接
[root@db01 /application]# ls
mysql                                mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  mysql-8.0.16-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.xz
[root@db01 /application]# tar xf mysql-8.0.16-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.xz 
[root@db01 /application]# ls
mysql                                       mysql-8.0.16-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64         mysql-8.0.16-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.xz
mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@db01 /application]# ln -s /application/mysql-8.0.16-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /application/mysql8
[root@db01 /application]# ls
mysql                                       mysql8
mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64         mysql-8.0.16-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
mysql-5.7.26-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz  mysql-8.0.16-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.xz
3>停掉原库
[root@db01 /application]# /etc/init.d/mysqld stop
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
[root@db01 /application]# 
4>修改原有的环境变量
vim /etc/profile
export PATH=/application/mysql8/bin:$PATH
                                                                    
[root@db01 /application]# source /etc/profile
[root@db01 /application]# mysql -V
mysql  Ver 8.0.16 for linux-glibc2.12 on x86_64 (MySQL Community Server - GPL)
[root@db01 /application]# 
5>修改配置文件/etc/my.cnf
[root@db01 /application]# vim /etc/my.cnf 
[mysqld]
user=mysql
#basedir=/application/mysql
basedir=/application/mysql8
datadir=/data/3306/data
socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
[mysql]
socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
6>启动脚本
[root@db01 /application]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
Starting MySQL........ SUCCESS! 
[root@db01 /application]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 10
Server version: 8.0.16 MySQL Community Server - GPL

Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

注:8.0以前的版本,需要进行数据升级(mysql_upgrade),在8.0版本可以省略

1.4 简单的管理操作
1>修改root用户密码
[root@db01 ~]# mysqladmin -uroot -p password 123456
Enter password: 
mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Warning: Since password will be sent to server in plain text, use ssl connection to ensure password safety.
2>查询用户
mysql> select user,host ,authentication_string from user;
小结:
  • (熟悉)版本选择(5.6 主流版本、5.7 主流版本、GA 6-12)
  • (熟悉)安装方式(rpm安装、二进制安装、源码安装)
  • (重点掌握)规划和部署
  • (了解)升级
  • (熟悉)简单管理
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