ORM框架是操作数据库所必备的知识,Django内置了这个框架。表现为
mysite/news/models.py¶
from django.db import models
class Reporter(models.Model):
full_name = models.CharField(max_length=70)
def __str__(self):
return self.full_name
class Article(models.Model):
pub_date = models.DateField()
headline = models.CharField(max_length=200)
content = models.TextField()
reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
def __str__(self):
return self.headline
有了模型关系映射类后,无需手动去创建一个个数据表,直接使用以下命令去创建数据表
接下来使用Python框架进行数据的创建,不需要使用手动写SQL的方式导入
导入模块
# Import the models we created from our "news" app
>>> from news.models import Article, Reporter
查出Reporter表的所有字段
# No reporters are in the system yet.
>>> Reporter.objects.all()
<QuerySet []>
创建一条report数据
# Create a new Reporter.
>>> r = Reporter(full_name='John Smith')
# Save the object into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.
>>> r.save()
# Now it has an ID.
>>> r.id
1
再次查询一下数据库
# Now the new reporter is in the database.
>>> Reporter.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
# Fields are represented as attributes on the Python object.
>>> r.full_name
'John Smith'
根据字段名查询字段
# Django provides a rich database lookup API.
>>> Reporter.objects.get(id=1)
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> Reporter.objects.get(full_name__startswith='John')
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> Reporter.objects.get(full_name__contains='mith')
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> Reporter.objects.get(id=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
DoesNotExist: Reporter matching query does not exist.
创建一个文章类,注意这里的report也是一个对象
# Create an article.
>>> from datetime import date
>>> a = Article(pub_date=date.today(), headline='Django is cool',
... content='Yeah.', reporter=r)
>>> a.save()
在来查询一下
# Now the article is in the database.
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django is cool>]>
# Article objects get API access to related Reporter objects.
>>> r = a.reporter
>>> r.full_name
'John Smith'
通过外键查询
# And vice versa: Reporter objects get API access to Article objects.
>>> r.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django is cool>]>
使用Python进行查询
# The API follows relationships as far as you need, performing efficient
# JOINs for you behind the scenes.
# This finds all articles by a reporter whose name starts with "John".
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__full_name__startswith='John')
<QuerySet [<Article: Django is cool>]>
# Change an object by altering its attributes and calling save().
>>> r.full_name = 'Billy Goat'
>>> r.save()
# Delete an object with delete().
>>> r.delete()
Django框架直接带了一个管理员接口,可以通过鼠标操作,在管理员站点上实现对数据的增删
有了数据的定义和存储后,下面就是如何展示数据的问题。展示数据由前端技术和数据库交换完成
视图函数从数据库中查询数据,填充到模板中,展示给前端
from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Article
def year_archive(request, year):
a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)
context = {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list}
return render(request, 'news/year_archive.html', context)
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>
{% for article in article_list %}
<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>
<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>
<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}