入门linux设备驱动的时候第一hello world模块
#include <linux/init.h>#include <linux/module.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
static int hello_init(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Hello, world\n");
return 0;
}
static void hello_exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Goodbye, cruel world\n");
}
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);
为该模块编写的Makefile文件
ifeq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
KERNELDIR ?= /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
PWD := $(shell pwd)
modules:
$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules
modules_install:
$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules_install
clean:
rm -rf *.o *~ core .depend .*.cmd *.ko *.mod.c .tmp_versions \
Module.markers Module.symvers modules.order
.PHONY: modules modules_install clean
else
obj-m :=hello.o
endif
第一次执行Makefle的时候,发现KERNELRELEASE为NULL, 则进入内核源码树所在的位置,读内核源码树根位置的Makefile,内核源码树的根Makefile对KERNELRELEASE变量进行了赋值。 由于make 后面没有目标,所以make会在Makefile中的第一个不是以TAB开头行的目标作为默认的目标执行。然后运行到了modules目标,执行$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules,
在执行$(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules,过程中第二次读取该Makefile,此时KERNELRELEASE变量已被赋值,执行obj-m :=hello.o,完成模块的编译。
1.这个KERNELRELEASE也很令人困惑,它是什么呢?在模块所在目录下的Makefile中是没有定义这个变量的,所以else…endif这一段不起作用。如果把hello模块移动到内核源代码中。例如放到/usr/src/linux/driver/中, KERNELRELEASE就有定义。在/usr/src/linux/Makefile中有 KERNELRELEASE=$(VERSION).$(PATCHLEVEL).$(SUBLEVEL)$(EXTRAVERSION)$(LOCALVERSION) 这时候,hello模块也不再是单独用make编译,而是在内核中用make modules进行 编译。用这种方式,该Makefile在单独编译和作为内核一部分编译时都能正常工作。 2.这个obj-m := hello.o什么时候会执行到呢?
在执行: $(MAKE) -C $(KERNELDIR) M=$(PWD) modules时,make 去/usr/src/linux/Makefile中寻找目标这时 KERNELRELEASE已经存在。 所以执行的是: obj-m:=hello.o
带参数的hello world模块
#include <linux/init.h>#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
static char *whom = "world";static int howmany = 1;
module_param(howmany, int, S_IRUGO);
module_param(whom, charp, S_IRUGO);
static int hello_init(void)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < howmany; i++)
printk(KERN_ALERT "(%d) Hello, %s\n", i, whom);
return 0;
}
static void hello_exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Goodbye, cruel world\n");
}
module_init(hello_init);module_exit(hello_exit);
编译过程同hello world不带参数时候一样,当多一个参数的问题,
module_param(name, type, perm),通常放在源文件的末尾。
name :变量的名称、
type:变量类型、
perm:用于sysfs入口项的访问许可掩码。
内核支持的模块参数类型:
bool //布尔值(true/false),
invbool //invbool的值取bool的反值。
charp //字符指针,内核会为用户提供的字符串分配内存,并设置指针
int
long
short
uint //无符号值
ulong
ushort
访问许可掩码定义在文件<linux/stat.h>中,具体内容为
#define S_IRWXU 00700 //用户具有读写执行权限#define S_IRUSR 00400
#define S_IWUSR 00200
#define S_IXUSR 00100
#define S_IRWXG 00070 //用户所在组具有读写执行权限
#define S_IRGRP 00040
#define S_IWGRP 00020
#define S_IXGRP 00010
#define S_IRWXO 00007 //其它用户具有读写执行权限
#define S_IROTH 00004
#define S_IWOTH 00002
#define S_IXOTH 00001
#define S_IRWXUGO (S_IRWXU|S_IRWXG|S_IRWXO) //用户、用户所在组、其它用户和组 具有读写执行权限
#define S_IALLUGO (S_ISUID|S_ISGID|S_ISVTX|S_IRWXUGO)
#define S_IRUGO (S_IRUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IROTH)
#define S_IWUGO (S_IWUSR|S_IWGRP|S_IWOTH)
#define S_IXUGO (S_IXUSR|S_IXGRP|S_IXOTH)
使用过程中常使用 “0600”许可掩码,如其为0则不会有相应的sysfs访问入口项。
数组参数:module_param_array(name,type,num,perm);
name:数组名,type:数组元素类型,num:会被设置为用户提供的值的个数,这个值不可超过数组大小。perm:访问许可值。
有关 seq_file 调试接口
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
MODULE_AUTHOR("Jonathan Corbet");
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
/*
* The sequence iterator functions. The position as seen by the
* filesystem is just the count that we return.
*/
static void *ct_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos)
{
loff_t *spos = kmalloc(sizeof(loff_t), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!spos)
return NULL;
*spos = *pos;
return spos;
}
static void *ct_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos)
{
loff_t *spos = (loff_t *) v;
*pos = ++(*spos);
return spos;
}
static void ct_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
{
kfree (v);
}
/*
* The show function.
*/
static int ct_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
{
loff_t *spos = (loff_t *) v;
seq_printf(s, "%Ld\n", *spos);
return 0;
}
/*
* Tie them all together into a set of seq_operations.
*/
static struct seq_operations ct_seq_ops = {
.start = ct_seq_start,
.next = ct_seq_next,
.stop = ct_seq_stop,
.show = ct_seq_show
};
/*
* Time to set up the file operations for our /proc file. In this case,
* all we need is an open function which sets up the sequence ops.
*/
static int ct_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
return seq_open(file, &ct_seq_ops);
};
/*
* The file operations structure contains our open function along with
* set of the canned seq_ ops.
*/
static struct file_operations ct_file_ops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = ct_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = seq_release
};
/*
* Module setup and teardown.
*/
static int ct_init(void)
{
struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
entry = create_proc_entry("sequence", 0, NULL);
if (entry)
entry->proc_fops = &ct_file_ops;
return 0;
}
static void ct_exit(void)
{
remove_proc_entry("sequence", NULL);
}
module_init(ct_init);
module_exit(ct_exit);
有关完成量(completion)作用允许一个线程告诉另一线程某个工作已经完成,使用例子
/** complete.c -- the writers awake the readers
*/
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/completion.h>
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");
static int complete_major = 0;
DECLARE_COMPLETION(comp);
ssize_t complete_read (struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *pos)
{
printk(KERN_DEBUG "process %i (%s) going to sleep\n",
current->pid, current->comm);
wait_for_completion(&comp);
printk(KERN_DEBUG "awoken %i (%s)\n", current->pid, current->comm);
return 0; /* EOF */
}
ssize_t complete_write (struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count,
loff_t *pos)
{
printk(KERN_DEBUG "process %i (%s) awakening the readers...\n",
current->pid, current->comm);
complete(&comp);
return count; /* succeed, to avoid retrial */
}
struct file_operations complete_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.read = complete_read,
.write = complete_write,
};
int complete_init(void)
{
int result;
/*
* Register your major, and accept a dynamic number
*/
result = register_chrdev(complete_major, "complete", &complete_fops);
if (result < 0)
return result;
if (complete_major == 0)
complete_major = result; /* dynamic */
return 0;
}
void complete_cleanup(void)
{
unregister_chrdev(complete_major, "complete");
}
module_init(complete_init);
module_exit(complete_cleanup);