遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑用构建器

重叠构造器模式可行，但是当有许多参数的时候，客户端代码会很难编写
Builder模式：
不直接生成想要的对象，而是让客户端利用所有必要的参数调用构造器，得到一个builder对象。

public class NutritionFacts {

    private final int servingSize;
    private final int servings;
    private final int calories;
    private final int fat;
    private final int sodium;
    private final int carbohydrate;

    public static class Builder{
        //required params
        private final int servingSize;
        private final int servings;

        //optional params --need to initialize
        private int calories = 0 ;
        private int fat = 0;
        private int sodium = 0;
        private int carbohydrate = 0;

        public Builder(int servingSize,int servings) {
            this.servingSize = servingSize;
            this.servings = servings;

        }
        public Builder calories(int val) {
            calories = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder fat(int val) {
            fat = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder sodium(int val) {
            sodium = val;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder carbohydrate(int val) {
            carbohydrate = val;
            return this;
        }
        public NutritionFacts build() {
            return new NutritionFacts(this);
        }

    }

    private NutritionFacts(Builder builder) {
        servingSize = builder.servingSize;
        servings = builder.servings;
        calories = builder.calories;
        fat = builder.fat;
        sodium = builder.sodium;
        carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
    }
}

注意NutritionFacts是不可变的，所有的默认参数值都单独放在一个地方。builder的setter方法返回builder本身，以便可以把调用链接起来。
下面就是客户端代码：

NutritionFacts nutritionFacts = new  NutritionFacts.Builder(1, 1).calories(1).sodium(20).build();

与构造器相比，builder的微略的优势在于，builder可以有多个可变的参数。构造器就像方法一样，，只能有一个可变参数，因为builder利用单独的方法来设置每个参数，你想要多少个可变参数，他们就可以有多少个，直到每个setter方法都有一个可变参数。