1、引言
继承和多态是面向对象语言最强大的功能。有了继承和多态,我们可以完成代码重用。在C中有许多技巧可以实现多态。本文的目的就是演示一种简单和容易的技术,在C中应用继承和多态。通过创建一个VTable(virtual table)和在基类和派生类对象之间提供正确的访问,我们能在C中实现继承和多态。VTable能通过维护一张函数表指针表来实现。为了提供基类和派生类对象之间的访问,我们可以在基类中维护派生类的引用和在派生类中维护基类的引用。
2、说明
在C中实现继承和多态之前,我们应该知道类(Class)在C中如何表示。
2.1、类在C中的表示
考虑C++中的一个类”Person”。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
|
//Person.h
class
Person
{
private
:
char
* pFirstName;
char
* pLastName;
public
:
Person(
const
char
* pFirstName,
const
char
* pLastName);
//constructor
~Person();
//destructor
void
displayInfo();
void
writeToFile(
const
char
* pFileName);
};
|
在C中表示上面的类,我们可以使用结构体,并用操作结构体的函数表示成员函数。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
|
//Person.h
typedef
struct
_Person
{
char
* pFirstName;
char
* pLastName;
}Person;
new_Person(
const
char
*
const
pFirstName,
const
char
*
const
pLastName);
//constructor
delete_Person(Person*
const
pPersonObj);
//destructor
void
Person_DisplayInfo(Person*
const
pPersonObj);
void
Person_WriteToFile(Person*
const
pPersonObj,
const
char
*
const
pFileName);
|
这里,定义的操作结构体Person的函数没有封装。为了实现封装,即绑定数据、函数、函数指针。我们需要创建一个函数指针表。构造函数new_Person()将设置函数指针值以指向合适的函数。这个函数指针表将作为对象访问函数的接口。
下面我们重新定义C中实现类Person。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
|
//Person.h
typedef
struct
_Person Person;
//declaration of pointers to functions
typedef
void
(*fptrDisplayInfo)(Person*);
typedef
void
(*fptrWriteToFile)( Person*,
const
char
*);
typedef
void
(*fptrDelete)( Person *) ;
//Note: In C all the members are by default public. We can achieve
//the data hiding (private members), but that method is tricky.
//For simplification of this article
// we are considering the data members //public only.
typedef
struct
_Person
{
char
* pFName;
char
* pLName;
//interface for function
fptrDisplayInfo Display;
fptrWriteToFile WriteToFile;
fptrDelete Delete;
}Person;
person* new_Person(
const
char
*
const
pFirstName,
const
char
*
const
pLastName);
//constructor
void
delete_Person(Person*
const
pPersonObj);
//destructor
void
Person_DisplayInfo(Person*
const
pPersonObj);
void
Person_WriteToFile(Person*
const
pPersonObj,
const
char
* pFileName);
|
new_Person()函数作为构造函数,它返回新创建的结构体实例。它初始化函数指针接口去访问其它成员函数。这里要注意的一点是,我们仅仅定义了那些允许公共访问的函数指针,并没有给定私有函数的接口。让我们看一下new_Person()函数或C中类Person的构造函数。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
|
//Person.c
person* new_Person(
const
char
*
const
pFirstName,
const
char
*
const
pLastName)
{
Person* pObj = NULL;
//allocating memory
pObj = (Person*)
malloc
(
sizeof
(Person));
if
(pObj == NULL)
{
return
NULL;
}
pObj->pFirstName =
malloc
(
sizeof
(
char
)*(
strlen
(pFirstName)+1));
if
(pObj->pFirstName == NULL)
{
return
NULL;
}
strcpy
(pObj->pFirstName, pFirstName);
pObj->pLastName =
malloc
(
sizeof
(
char
)*(
strlen
(pLastName)+1));
if
(pObj->pLastName == NULL)
{
return
NULL;
}
strcpy
(pObj->pLastName, pLastName);
//Initializing interface for access to functions
pObj->Delete = delete_Person;
pObj->Display = Person_DisplayInfo;
pObj->WriteToFile = Person_WriteToFile;
return
pObj;
}
|
创建完对象之后,我们能够访问它的数据成员和函数。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
Person* pPersonObj = new_Person(
"Anjali"
,
"Jaiswal"
);
//displaying person info
pPersonObj->Display(pPersonObj);
//writing person info in the persondata.txt file
pPersonObj->WriteToFile(pPersonObj,
"persondata.txt"
);
//delete the person object
pPersonObj->Delete(pPersonObj);
pPersonObj = NULL;
|
注意:不像C++,在C中我们不能在函数中直接访问数据成员。在C++中,可以隐式通过“this”指针直接访问数据成员。我们知道C中是没有“this”指针的,通过显示地传递对象给成员函数。在C中为了访问类的数据成员,我们需要把调用对象作为函数参数传递。上面的例子中,我们把调用对象作为函数的第一个参数,通过这种方法,函数可以访问对象的数据成员。
3、在C中类的表现
Person类的表示——检查初始化接口指向成员函数:
3.1、继承和多态的简单例子
继承-Employee类继承自Person类:
在上面的例子中,类Employee继承类Person的属性。因为DisplayInfo()和WriteToFile()函数是virtual的,我们能够从Person的实例访问Employee对象中的同名函数。为了实现这个,我们创建Person实例的时候也初始化Employee类。多态使这成为可能。 在多态的情况下,去解析函数调用,C++使用VTable——即一张函数指针表。
前面我们在结构体中维护的指向函数的指针接口的作用类似于VTable。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
|
//Polymorphism in C++
Person PersonObj(
"Anjali"
,
"Jaiswal"
);
Employee EmployeeObj(
"Gauri"
,
"Jaiswal"
,
"HR"
,
"TCS"
, 40000);
Person* ptrPersonObj = NULL;
//preson pointer pointing to person object
ptrPersonObj = &PersonObj;
//displaying person info
ptrPersonObj ->Display();
//writing person info in the persondata.txt file
ptrPersonObj ->WriteToFile(
"persondata.txt"
);
//preson pointer pointing to employee object
ptrPersonObj = &EmployeeObj;
//displaying employee info
ptrPersonObj ->Display();
//writing empolyee info in the employeedata.txt file
ptrPersonObj ->WriteToFile(
"employeedata.txt"
);
|
在C中,继承可以通过在派生类对象中维护一个基类对象的引用来完成。在基类实例的帮助下,women可以访问基类的数据成员和函数。然而,为了实现多态,街垒对象应该能够访问派生类对象的数据。为了实现这个,基类应该有访问派生类的数据成员的权限。
为了实现虚函数,派生类的函数签名应该和基类的函数指针类似。即派生类函数将以基类对象的一个实例为参数。我们在基类中维护一个派生类的引用。在函数实现上,我们可以从派生类的引用访问实际派生类的数据。
3.2、在C中结构体中的等效表示
C中的继承-Person和Employee结构体:
如图所示,我们在基类结构体中声明了一个指针保存派生类对像,并在派生类结构体中声明一个指针保存基类对象。
在基类对象中,函数指针指向自己的虚函数。在派生类对象的构造函数中,我们需要使基类的接口指向派生类的成员函数。这使我们可以通过基类对象(多态)灵活的调用派生类函数。更多细节,请检查Person和Employee对象的构造函数。
当我们讨论C++中的多态时,有一个对象销毁的问题。为了正确的清楚对象,它使用虚析构函数。在C中,这可以通过使基类的删除函数指针指向派生类的析构函数。派生类的析构函数清楚派生类的数据和基类的数据和对象。注意:检查例子的源码中,实现须构造函数和虚函数的实现细节。
创建Person对象
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
|
//Person.h
typedef
struct
_Person Person;
//pointers to function
typedef
void
(*fptrDisplayInfo)(Person*);
typedef
void
(*fptrWriteToFile)(Person*,
const
char
*);
typedef
void
(*fptrDelete)(Person*) ;
typedef
struct
_person
{
void
* pDerivedObj;
char
* pFirstName;
char
* pLastName;
fptrDisplayInfo Display;
fptrWriteToFile WriteToFile;
fptrDelete Delete;
}person;
Person* new_Person(
const
char
*
const
pFristName,
const
char
*
const
pLastName);
//constructor
void
delete_Person(Person*
const
pPersonObj);
//destructor
void
Person_DisplayInfo(Person*
const
pPersonObj);
void
Person_WriteToFile(Person*
const
pPersonObj,
const
char
*
const
pFileName);
//Person.c
//construction of Person object
Person* new_Person(
const
char
*
const
pFirstName,
const
char
*
const
pLastName)
{
Person* pObj = NULL;
//allocating memory
pObj = (Person*)
malloc
(
sizeof
(Person));
if
(pObj == NULL)
{
return
NULL;
}
//pointing to itself as we are creating base class object
pObj->pDerivedObj = pObj;
pObj->pFirstName =
malloc
(
sizeof
(
char
)*(
strlen
(pFirstName)+1));
if
(pObj->pFirstName == NULL)
{
return
NULL;
}
strcpy
(pObj->pFirstName, pFirstName);
pObj->pLastName =
malloc
(
sizeof
(
char
)*(
strlen
(pLastName)+1));
if
(pObj->pLastName == NULL)
{
return
NULL;
}
strcpy
(pObj->pLastName, pLastName);
//Initializing interface for access to functions
//destructor pointing to destrutor of itself
pObj->Delete = delete_Person;
pObj->Display = Person_DisplayInfo;
pObj->WriteToFile = Person_WriteToFile;
return
pObj;
}
|
Person对象的结构
创建Employee对象
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
|
//Employee.h
#include "Person.h"
typedef
struct
_Employee Employee;
//Note: interface for this class is in the base class
//object since all functions are virtual.
//If there is any additional functions in employee add
//interface for those functions in this structure
typedef
struct
_Employee
{
Person* pBaseObj;
char
* pDepartment;
char
* pCompany;
int
nSalary;
//If there is any employee specific functions; add interface here.
}Employee;
Person* new_Employee(
const
char
*
const
pFirstName,
const
char
*
const
pLastName,
const
char
*
const
pDepartment,
const
char
*
const
pCompany,
int
nSalary);
//constructor
void
delete_Employee(Person*
const
pPersonObj);
//destructor
void
Employee_DisplayInfo(Person*
const
pPersonObj);
void
Employee_WriteToFile(Person*
const
pPersonObj,
const
char
*
const
pFileName);
//Employee.c
Person* new_Employee(
const
char
*
const
pFirstName,
const
char
*
const
pLastName,
const
char
*
const
pDepartment,
const
char
*
const
pCompany,
int
nSalary)
{
Employee* pEmpObj;
//calling base class construtor
Person* pObj = new_Person(pFirstName, pLastName);
//allocating memory
pEmpObj =
malloc
(
sizeof
(Employee));
if
(pEmpObj == NULL)
{
pObj->Delete(pObj);
return
NULL;
}
pObj->pDerivedObj = pEmpObj;
//pointing to derived object
//initialising derived class members
pEmpObj->pDepartment =
malloc
(
sizeof
(
char
)*(
strlen
(pDepartment)+1));
if
(pEmpObj->pDepartment == NULL)
{
return
NULL;
}
strcpy
(pEmpObj->pDepartment, pDepartment);
pEmpObj->pCompany =
malloc
(
sizeof
(
char
)*(
strlen
(pCompany)+1));
if
(pEmpObj->pCompany== NULL)
{
return
NULL;
}
strcpy
(pEmpObj->pCompany, pCompany);
pEmpObj->nSalary = nSalary;
//Changing base class interface to access derived class functions
//virtual destructor
//person destructor pointing to destrutor of employee
pObj->Delete = delete_Employee;
pObj->Display = Employee_DisplayInfo;
pObj->WriteToFile = Employee_WriteToFile;
return
pObj;
}
|
Employee对象的结构
注意:从基类函数到派生类函数改变了接口(VTable)中指针位置。现在我们可以从基类(多态)访问派生类函数。我们来看如何使用多态。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
|
Person* PersonObj = new_Person(
"Anjali"
,
"Jaiswal"
);
Person* EmployeeObj = new_Employee(
"Gauri"
,
"Jaiswal"
,
"HR"
,
"TCS"
, 40000);
//accessing person object
//displaying person info
PersonObj->Display(PersonObj);
//writing person info in the persondata.txt file
PersonObj->WriteToFile(PersonObj,
"persondata.txt"
);
//calling destructor
PersonObj->Delete(PersonObj);
//accessing to employee object
//displaying employee info
EmployeeObj->Display(EmployeeObj);
//writing empolyee info in the employeedata.txt file
EmployeeObj->WriteToFile(EmployeeObj,
"employeedata.txt"
);
//calling destrutor
EmployeeObj->Delete(EmployeeObj);
|
结论
使用上面描述的简单的额外代码能是过程式C语言有多态和继承的特性。我们简单的使用函数指针创建一个VTable和在基类和派生类对象中交叉维护引用。用这些简单的步骤,我们在C中可以实现继承和多态。