SQL基础应用
MySQL的连接管理
mysql命令
注意：提前应该将用户授权做好
mysql> grant all on . to root@‘192.168.184.%’ identified by ‘123’;
- TCPIP:
mysql -uroot -p -h 192.168.184.128 -P3306 - Socket
mysql -uroot -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock
客户端工具
Navicat
SQLyog
dbeaver
多实例管理
- 准备多个目录
[root@test01 data01]# mkdir -p /data01/330{7,8,9}/data
- 准备配置文件
cat > /data01/3307/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/aplication/mysql
datadir=/data01/3307/data
socket=/data01/3307/mysql.sock
log_error=/data01/3307/mysql.log
port=3307
server_id=7
log_bin=/data01/3307/mysql-bin
EOF
cat > /data01/3308/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/aplication/mysql
datadir=/data01/3308/data
socket=/data01/3308/mysql.sock
log_error=/data01/3308/mysql.log
port=3308
server_id=8
log_bin=/data01/3308/mysql-bin
EOF
cat > /data01/3309/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/aplication/mysql
datadir=/data01/3309/data
socket=/data01/3309/mysql.sock
log_error=/data01/3309/mysql.log
port=3309
server_id=9
log_bin=/data01/3309/mysql-bin
EOF
- 初始化
mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data01/3307/data --basedir=/aplication/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data01/3308/data --basedir=/aplication/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data01/3309/data --basedir=/aplication/mysql
- systemd管理多实例
cd /etc/systemd/system
cp mysqld.service mysqld3307.service
cp mysqld.service mysqld3308.service
cp mysqld.service mysqld3309.service
vim mysqld3307.service
ExecStart=/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf
vim mysqld3308.service
ExecStart=/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf
vim mysqld3309.service
ExecStart=/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf
- 授权
chown -R mysql.mysql /data01/*
- 启动
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start mysqld3307.service
systemctl start mysqld3308.service
systemctl start mysqld3309.service
- 检查
[root@test01 system]# netstat -anp|grep mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3307 :::* LISTEN 12461/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3308 :::* LISTEN 12468/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::3309 :::* LISTEN 12475/mysqld
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 59328 12468/mysqld /data01/3308/mysql.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 59325 12461/mysqld /data01/3307/mysql.sock
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 59331 12475/mysqld /data01/3309/mysql.sock
MySQL内置的功能
连接数据库
| 参数 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| -u | 用户 |
| -p | 密码 |
| -S | 调用socket文件 |
| -h | 连接主机 |
| -P | 端口 |
| -e | 不进入数据库直接调用SQL语句，-e “show databases;” |
| < | 将数据导入数据库 |
内置命令
| 命令 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| help | 打印mysql帮助 |
| \q、quit | 退出mysql |
| \G | 将数据竖起来显示 |
| source | 恢复备份文件 |
SQL基础应用
SQL的介绍
结构化的查询语言
是关系型数据库通用的命令
遵循SQL92的标准（SQL_MODE）
SQL常用种类
DDL：数据定义语言
DCL：数据控制语言
DML：数据操作语言
DQL：数据查询语言
SQL引入-数据库逻辑结构
- 库
库名字‘
库属性：字符集，排序规则 - 表
表名
表属性：存储引擎类型，字符集，排序规则
列名
列属性：数据类型，约束，其他属性
数据行
字符集
相当于MySQL的密码本（字符集编码表）
mysql> show charset;
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
| gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
41 rows in set (0.00 sec)
utf8：3个字节
utf8mb4（建议）：4个字节，支持emoji
排序规则：collation
mysql> show collation;
+--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+
| Collation | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen |
+--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+
| big5_chinese_ci | big5 | 1 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| big5_bin | big5 | 84 | | Yes | 1 |
| dec8_swedish_ci | dec8 | 3 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| dec8_bin | dec8 | 69 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp850_general_ci | cp850 | 4 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp850_bin | cp850 | 80 | | Yes | 1 |
| hp8_english_ci | hp8 | 6 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| hp8_bin | hp8 | 72 | | Yes | 1 |
| koi8r_general_ci | koi8r | 7 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| koi8r_bin | koi8r | 74 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_german1_ci | latin1 | 5 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_swedish_ci | latin1 | 8 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_danish_ci | latin1 | 15 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_german2_ci | latin1 | 31 | | Yes | 2 |
| latin1_bin | latin1 | 47 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_general_ci | latin1 | 48 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_general_cs | latin1 | 49 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin1_spanish_ci | latin1 | 94 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin2_czech_cs | latin2 | 2 | | Yes | 4 |
| latin2_general_ci | latin2 | 9 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| latin2_hungarian_ci | latin2 | 21 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin2_croatian_ci | latin2 | 27 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin2_bin | latin2 | 77 | | Yes | 1 |
| swe7_swedish_ci | swe7 | 10 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| swe7_bin | swe7 | 82 | | Yes | 1 |
| ascii_general_ci | ascii | 11 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| ascii_bin | ascii | 65 | | Yes | 1 |
| ujis_japanese_ci | ujis | 12 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| ujis_bin | ujis | 91 | | Yes | 1 |
| sjis_japanese_ci | sjis | 13 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| sjis_bin | sjis | 88 | | Yes | 1 |
| hebrew_general_ci | hebrew | 16 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| hebrew_bin | hebrew | 71 | | Yes | 1 |
| tis620_thai_ci | tis620 | 18 | Yes | Yes | 4 |
| tis620_bin | tis620 | 89 | | Yes | 1 |
| euckr_korean_ci | euckr | 19 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| euckr_bin | euckr | 85 | | Yes | 1 |
| koi8u_general_ci | koi8u | 22 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| koi8u_bin | koi8u | 75 | | Yes | 1 |
| gb2312_chinese_ci | gb2312 | 24 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| gb2312_bin | gb2312 | 86 | | Yes | 1 |
| greek_general_ci | greek | 25 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| greek_bin | greek | 70 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1250_general_ci | cp1250 | 26 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp1250_czech_cs | cp1250 | 34 | | Yes | 2 |
| cp1250_croatian_ci | cp1250 | 44 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1250_bin | cp1250 | 66 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1250_polish_ci | cp1250 | 99 | | Yes | 1 |
| gbk_chinese_ci | gbk | 28 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| gbk_bin | gbk | 87 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin5_turkish_ci | latin5 | 30 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| latin5_bin | latin5 | 78 | | Yes | 1 |
| armscii8_general_ci | armscii8 | 32 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| armscii8_bin | armscii8 | 64 | | Yes | 1 |
| utf8_general_ci | utf8 | 33 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| utf8_bin | utf8 | 83 | | Yes | 1 |
| utf8_unicode_ci | utf8 | 192 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_icelandic_ci | utf8 | 193 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_latvian_ci | utf8 | 194 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_romanian_ci | utf8 | 195 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_slovenian_ci | utf8 | 196 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_polish_ci | utf8 | 197 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_estonian_ci | utf8 | 198 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_spanish_ci | utf8 | 199 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_swedish_ci | utf8 | 200 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_turkish_ci | utf8 | 201 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_czech_ci | utf8 | 202 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_danish_ci | utf8 | 203 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_lithuanian_ci | utf8 | 204 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_slovak_ci | utf8 | 205 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_spanish2_ci | utf8 | 206 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_roman_ci | utf8 | 207 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_persian_ci | utf8 | 208 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_esperanto_ci | utf8 | 209 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_hungarian_ci | utf8 | 210 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_sinhala_ci | utf8 | 211 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_german2_ci | utf8 | 212 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_croatian_ci | utf8 | 213 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_unicode_520_ci | utf8 | 214 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_vietnamese_ci | utf8 | 215 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8_general_mysql500_ci | utf8 | 223 | | Yes | 1 |
| ucs2_general_ci | ucs2 | 35 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| ucs2_bin | ucs2 | 90 | | Yes | 1 |
| ucs2_unicode_ci | ucs2 | 128 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_icelandic_ci | ucs2 | 129 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_latvian_ci | ucs2 | 130 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_romanian_ci | ucs2 | 131 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_slovenian_ci | ucs2 | 132 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_polish_ci | ucs2 | 133 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_estonian_ci | ucs2 | 134 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_spanish_ci | ucs2 | 135 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_swedish_ci | ucs2 | 136 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_turkish_ci | ucs2 | 137 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_czech_ci | ucs2 | 138 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_danish_ci | ucs2 | 139 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_lithuanian_ci | ucs2 | 140 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_slovak_ci | ucs2 | 141 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_spanish2_ci | ucs2 | 142 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_roman_ci | ucs2 | 143 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_persian_ci | ucs2 | 144 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_esperanto_ci | ucs2 | 145 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_hungarian_ci | ucs2 | 146 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_sinhala_ci | ucs2 | 147 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_german2_ci | ucs2 | 148 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_croatian_ci | ucs2 | 149 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_unicode_520_ci | ucs2 | 150 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_vietnamese_ci | ucs2 | 151 | | Yes | 8 |
| ucs2_general_mysql500_ci | ucs2 | 159 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp866_general_ci | cp866 | 36 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp866_bin | cp866 | 68 | | Yes | 1 |
| keybcs2_general_ci | keybcs2 | 37 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| keybcs2_bin | keybcs2 | 73 | | Yes | 1 |
| macce_general_ci | macce | 38 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| macce_bin | macce | 43 | | Yes | 1 |
| macroman_general_ci | macroman | 39 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| macroman_bin | macroman | 53 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp852_general_ci | cp852 | 40 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp852_bin | cp852 | 81 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin7_estonian_cs | latin7 | 20 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin7_general_ci | latin7 | 41 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| latin7_general_cs | latin7 | 42 | | Yes | 1 |
| latin7_bin | latin7 | 79 | | Yes | 1 |
| utf8mb4_general_ci | utf8mb4 | 45 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| utf8mb4_bin | utf8mb4 | 46 | | Yes | 1 |
| utf8mb4_unicode_ci | utf8mb4 | 224 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_icelandic_ci | utf8mb4 | 225 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_latvian_ci | utf8mb4 | 226 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_romanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 227 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_slovenian_ci | utf8mb4 | 228 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_polish_ci | utf8mb4 | 229 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_estonian_ci | utf8mb4 | 230 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_spanish_ci | utf8mb4 | 231 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_swedish_ci | utf8mb4 | 232 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_turkish_ci | utf8mb4 | 233 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_czech_ci | utf8mb4 | 234 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_danish_ci | utf8mb4 | 235 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_lithuanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 236 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_slovak_ci | utf8mb4 | 237 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_spanish2_ci | utf8mb4 | 238 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_roman_ci | utf8mb4 | 239 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_persian_ci | utf8mb4 | 240 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_esperanto_ci | utf8mb4 | 241 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_hungarian_ci | utf8mb4 | 242 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_sinhala_ci | utf8mb4 | 243 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_german2_ci | utf8mb4 | 244 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_croatian_ci | utf8mb4 | 245 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_unicode_520_ci | utf8mb4 | 246 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf8mb4_vietnamese_ci | utf8mb4 | 247 | | Yes | 8 |
| cp1251_bulgarian_ci | cp1251 | 14 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1251_ukrainian_ci | cp1251 | 23 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1251_bin | cp1251 | 50 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1251_general_ci | cp1251 | 51 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp1251_general_cs | cp1251 | 52 | | Yes | 1 |
| utf16_general_ci | utf16 | 54 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| utf16_bin | utf16 | 55 | | Yes | 1 |
| utf16_unicode_ci | utf16 | 101 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_icelandic_ci | utf16 | 102 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_latvian_ci | utf16 | 103 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_romanian_ci | utf16 | 104 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_slovenian_ci | utf16 | 105 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_polish_ci | utf16 | 106 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_estonian_ci | utf16 | 107 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_spanish_ci | utf16 | 108 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_swedish_ci | utf16 | 109 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_turkish_ci | utf16 | 110 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_czech_ci | utf16 | 111 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_danish_ci | utf16 | 112 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_lithuanian_ci | utf16 | 113 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_slovak_ci | utf16 | 114 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_spanish2_ci | utf16 | 115 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_roman_ci | utf16 | 116 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_persian_ci | utf16 | 117 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_esperanto_ci | utf16 | 118 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_hungarian_ci | utf16 | 119 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_sinhala_ci | utf16 | 120 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_german2_ci | utf16 | 121 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_croatian_ci | utf16 | 122 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_unicode_520_ci | utf16 | 123 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16_vietnamese_ci | utf16 | 124 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf16le_general_ci | utf16le | 56 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| utf16le_bin | utf16le | 62 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1256_general_ci | cp1256 | 57 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp1256_bin | cp1256 | 67 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1257_lithuanian_ci | cp1257 | 29 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1257_bin | cp1257 | 58 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp1257_general_ci | cp1257 | 59 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| utf32_general_ci | utf32 | 60 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| utf32_bin | utf32 | 61 | | Yes | 1 |
| utf32_unicode_ci | utf32 | 160 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_icelandic_ci | utf32 | 161 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_latvian_ci | utf32 | 162 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_romanian_ci | utf32 | 163 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_slovenian_ci | utf32 | 164 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_polish_ci | utf32 | 165 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_estonian_ci | utf32 | 166 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_spanish_ci | utf32 | 167 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_swedish_ci | utf32 | 168 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_turkish_ci | utf32 | 169 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_czech_ci | utf32 | 170 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_danish_ci | utf32 | 171 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_lithuanian_ci | utf32 | 172 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_slovak_ci | utf32 | 173 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_spanish2_ci | utf32 | 174 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_roman_ci | utf32 | 175 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_persian_ci | utf32 | 176 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_esperanto_ci | utf32 | 177 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_hungarian_ci | utf32 | 178 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_sinhala_ci | utf32 | 179 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_german2_ci | utf32 | 180 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_croatian_ci | utf32 | 181 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_unicode_520_ci | utf32 | 182 | | Yes | 8 |
| utf32_vietnamese_ci | utf32 | 183 | | Yes | 8 |
| binary | binary | 63 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| geostd8_general_ci | geostd8 | 92 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| geostd8_bin | geostd8 | 93 | | Yes | 1 |
| cp932_japanese_ci | cp932 | 95 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| cp932_bin | cp932 | 96 | | Yes | 1 |
| eucjpms_japanese_ci | eucjpms | 97 | Yes | Yes | 1 |
| eucjpms_bin | eucjpms | 98 | | Yes | 1 |
| gb18030_chinese_ci | gb18030 | 248 | Yes | Yes | 2 |
| gb18030_bin | gb18030 | 249 | | Yes | 1 |
| gb18030_unicode_520_ci | gb18030 | 250 | | Yes | 8 |
+--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+
222 rows in set (0.00 sec)
校对规则根据字符集走的
utf8mb4_general_ci：大小写不敏感
utf8mb4_bin：大小写敏感（存拼音，日文）
数据类型介绍
数值
| 类 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| TINYINT | 极小整数数据类型（0-255） |
| INT | 常规大小整数数据类型（2^32） |
| BIGINT | 较大整数数据类型（2^64） |
字符串
| 类 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| char(100) | 定长字符串类型，不管字符串长度多长，都立即分配100个字符长度的存储空间，未占满用空格填充 |
| varchar(100) | 边长字符串类型，每次存储数据前，都要先判断一下长度，按需分配此盘空间 |
如何选择这两个数据类型：
- 少于255字符串长度，定长的列支，选择char
- 多于255字符长度，边长的字符串，可以选择varchar
enum：枚举数据类型，例：address enum(‘sz’,‘sh’,‘bj’),只能存储enum定义的的名字，会将里面定义的名字打上123的数字标签，将对应字符串对应的数据数字标签存入数据库
时间
| 类 | 说明 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| DATATIME | 范围为从 1000-01-01 00:00:00.000000 至 9999-12-31 23:59:59.999999 | 2021-12-02 08:35:42.123 |
| TIMESTAMP | 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000 至 2038-01-19 03:14:07.999999,会受到时区的影响 | 2021-12-02 08:35:42.123 |
DDL的应用
DDL- 库的定义
- 创建数据库
create database 名字 charset utf8mb4 collate utf8mb4_bin;
--charset:设置字符集
-- collate：设置排序规则
- 查看库的情况
show databases; --查看数据库
show create database 名字; --查看建库语句
- 删除数据库
drop database 名字;
- 修改数据库定义
--修改数据库字符集，目标字符集一定是源字符集的严格超级
alter database 名字 charset utf8mb4;
库的定义规范
- 库名使用小写字符
- 库名不能以数字开头
- 库名不能是数据库内部的关键字
- 必须设置字符集
DDL-表定义
-建表
表名，列名，列属性，表属性
CREATE TABLE stu(
id INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '学号',
sname VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '年龄',
gender ENUM('M','F','N') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N' COMMENT '性别',
intime DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW() COMMENT '入学时间'
)ENGINE INNODB CHARSET utf8mb4;
- 列属性
PRIMARY KEY：主键约束，表中只能有一个，非空切唯一
NOT NULL：非空约束，不允许空值
UNIQUE KEY：唯一键约束，不允许重复值
DEFAULT：默认值，一般配合NOT NULL一起使用
UNSIGNED：无符号，一般是配合数字列，非负数
COMMENT：注释
AUTO_INCREMENT:自增长的列
- 建表规范
- 表名小写字母，不能数字开头，不能是保留字符
- 使用和业务有关的表名
- 选择合适的数据类型及长度
- 每个列设置NOT NULL + DEFAULT，对于数字0填充，对于字符使用有效字符填充
- 每个列设置注释
- 表必须设置存储引擎和字符集
- 主键列尽量是无关数字列，最好是自增长
- enum类型不要保存数字，只能是字符串类型
- 查询建表信息
SHOW TABLES;
SHOW CREATE TABLE stu;
DESC stu;
- 创建一个表结构一样的表
CREATE TABLE stu LIKE stu2;
- 删表
drop table stu2;
- 修改
在stu表中添加qq列
ALTER TABLE stu ADD qq VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT 'QQ号';
-- 在生产环境中执行上面语句会产生锁表，可以使用pt-osc工具
在sname后加微信列
ALTER TABLE stu ADD wechat VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '微信号' AFTER sname;
在id前加一个新列num
ALTER TABLE stu ADD num int NOT NULL COMMENT '数字' FIRST ;
把刚才添加的列都删掉
ALTER TABLE stu DROP num;
修改sname数据类型的属性
ALTER TABLE stu MODIFY sname VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名';
将gender改为gd 数据类型改为CHA类型
ALTER TABLE stu CHANGE gender gd CHAR(4) NOT NULL COMMENT '性别';
DCL
grant
revoke
DML
- insert
--最省事
INSERT INTO stu VALUES(1,'xcn','123456',18,'m',NOW(),'12345678910');
--最规范
INSERT INTO stu(id,sname,wechat,age,gd,intime,qq)
VALUES(2,'yy','1234576',28,'f',NOW(),'12345678911');
--针对性的录入数据
INSERT INTO stu(sname,wechat,age,gd,qq)
VALUES('xll','1234586',8,'f','12345678912');
--一次性录入多行数据
INSERT INTO stu(sname,wechat,age,gd,qq)
VALUES
('xxx','1234596',8,'f','12345678922'),
('xxe','12345126',8,'f','1234567222');
- update
UPDATE stu SET sname='zhao4' WHERE id=2;
注意：update语句必须要加where。
- delete
DELETE FROM stu WHERE id=3;
全表删除:
DELETE FROM stu
truncate table stu;
区别:
delete: DML操作, 是逻辑性质删除,逐行进行删除,速度慢.
truncate: DDL操作,对与表段中的数据页进行清空,速度快.
伪删除：用update来替代delete，最终保证业务中查不到（select）即可
1.添加状态列
ALTER TABLE stu ADD state TINYINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 ;
SELECT * FROM stu;
2. UPDATE 替代 DELETE
UPDATE stu SET state=0 WHERE id=6;
3. 业务语句查询
SELECT * FROM stu WHERE state=1;
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