linux下C语言编译过程

以经典的helloworld.c为例说明linux下C语言的编译过程

helloworld.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
    printf("hello world\n");
    return 0;
}

C语言的编译过程分为四个步骤：

1、预处理--Preprocessing 

xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ ls
helloworld.c
xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ cpp helloworld.c -o helloworld.i
xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ ls
helloworld.c  helloworld.i

helloworld.c的内容部分如下：

......

# 1 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4

typedef unsigned char __u_char;
typedef unsigned short int __u_short;
typedef unsigned int __u_int;
typedef unsigned long int __u_long;

......
extern int ftrylockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;

extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 936 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4

# 2 "helloworld.c" 2

int main(void)
{
    printf("hello world\n");
    return 0;
}

2、编译--Compile

xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ cc1 helloworld.i -o helloworld.s
xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ ls
helloworld.c  helloworld.i  helloworld.s

helloworld.s的内容如下所示：

	.file	"helloworld.i"
	.section	.rodata
.LC0:
	.string	"hello world"
	.text
.globl main
	.type	main, @function
main:
	pushl	%ebp
	movl	%esp, %ebp
	andl	$-16, %esp
	subl	$16, %esp
	movl	$.LC0, (%esp)
	call	puts
	movl	$0, %eax
	leave
	ret
	.size	main, .-main
	.ident	"GCC: (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.4.4-14ubuntu5) 4.4.5"
	.section	.note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits

3、汇编--assembly

xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ as helloworld.s -o helloworld.o
xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ ls
helloworld.c  helloworld.i  helloworld.o  helloworld.s

4、链接--linking

xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ ld --dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/crt1.o /usr/lib/crti.o /usr/lib/crtn.o helloworld.o -o helloworld -lc
xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ ls
helloworld  helloworld.c  helloworld.i  helloworld.o  helloworld.s
xiongf@ubuntu:~/Test$ ./helloworld 
hello world

关于上述用到的四个工具，后面会有博客详细介绍。