跨进程通信

绑定服务

https://developer.android.google.cn/guide/components/bound-services?hl=zh-cn

绑定服务是Service类的实现，可让其它应用与其进行绑定和交互。实现onBind（）回调方法，此方法返回一个IBinder对象，该对象定义的编程接口可供客户端用来与服务进行交互。

你可以将多个客户端同时连接到某项服务，但是系统会缓存IBinder服务通信通道。就是第一个客户端绑定服务时，系统才会调用onBind生成Binder，然后接下来的都会用这个IBinder，无需再次调用onBind（）。

创建提供绑定的服务时，您必须提供 IBinder，用以提供编程接口，供客户端与服务进行交互之用。

三种方式定义接口：
扩展Binder类
如果服务与客户端相同进程中进行，应该扩展Binder类并从onBind（）返回该类的实例来创建接口。
使用Messenger
如果需要让接口跨不同进程工作，可以使用Messenger为服务创建接口。这种方式服务会定义一个Handler，用来处理不同类型的Message对象。Messenger可与客户端分享一个IBinder，客户端可以通过这个利用Message对象向服务发送命令。客户端也可以定义一个Messenger用来回复服务消息。

Messenger会在单个线程中创建包含所有请求的队列，不必做线程安全处理。
使用AIDL
Messenger的方式实际上是以AIDL作为其底层结构。如果想让服务同时处理多个请求，可以直接使用AIDL，这样的情况下，服务必须得达到线程安全的要求，并且能够多线程处理。

如需直接使用 AIDL，您必须创建用于定义编程接口的 .aidl 文件。Android SDK 工具会利用该文件生成实现接口和处理 IPC 的抽象类，您随后可在服务内对该类进行扩展。

从某种意义上说AIDL其实就是一个模板，因为在使用过程中，实际起作用的并不是AIDL文件，而是据此生产的一个Interface的实例代码，AIDL其实是为了避免我们重复写代码而出现的一个模板。

Binder

public class BindingActivity extends Activity {
    LocalService mService;
    boolean mBound = false;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
        // Bind to LocalService
        Intent intent = new Intent(this, LocalService.class);
        bindService(intent, connection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
        unbindService(connection);
        mBound = false;
    }

    /** Called when a button is clicked (the button in the layout file attaches to
      * this method with the android:onClick attribute) */
    public void onButtonClick(View v) {
        if (mBound) {
            // Call a method from the LocalService.
            // However, if this call were something that might hang, then this request should
            // occur in a separate thread to avoid slowing down the activity performance.
            int num = mService.getRandomNumber();
            Toast.makeText(this, "number: " + num, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        }
    }

    /** Defines callbacks for service binding, passed to bindService() */
    private ServiceConnection connection = new ServiceConnection() {

        @Override
        public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className,
                IBinder service) {
            // We've bound to LocalService, cast the IBinder and get LocalService instance
            LocalBinder binder = (LocalBinder) service;
            mService = binder.getService();
            mBound = true;
        }

        @Override
        public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName arg0) {
            mBound = false;
        }
    };
}

Messenger

public class MessengerService extends Service {
    /**
     * Command to the service to display a message
     */
    static final int MSG_SAY_HELLO = 1;

    /**
     * Handler of incoming messages from clients.
     */
    static class IncomingHandler extends Handler {
        private Context applicationContext;

        IncomingHandler(Context context) {
            applicationContext = context.getApplicationContext();
        }

        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            switch (msg.what) {
                case MSG_SAY_HELLO:
                    Toast.makeText(applicationContext, "hello!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                default:
                    super.handleMessage(msg);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Target we publish for clients to send messages to IncomingHandler.
     */
    Messenger mMessenger;

    /**
     * When binding to the service, we return an interface to our messenger
     * for sending messages to the service.
     */
    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "binding", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        mMessenger = new Messenger(new IncomingHandler(this));
        return mMessenger.getBinder();
    }
}

绑定是异步操作，bindService方法立即返回。要接受IBinder的话，客户端要创建一个ServiceConnection实例，并将其传递给bindService

asInterface（）会接收IBinder，并返回Stub接口的实例。
PRC是同步调用，不应在主线程去调用该服务。
引发的任何异常都不会回传给调用方

当客户端（如 Activity）调用 bindService() 以连接此服务时，客户端的 onServiceConnected() 回调会接收服务的 onBind() 方法所返回的 binder 实例。

当客户端在 onServiceConnected() 回调中收到 IBinder 时，它必须调用 YourServiceInterface.Stub.asInterface(service)，以将返回的参数转换成 **YourServiceInterface ** 类型。

您可以通过 IPC 接口，将某个类从一个进程发送至另一个进程。不过，您必须确保 IPC 通道的另一端可使用该类的代码，并且该类必须支持 Parcelable 接口。支持 Parcelable 接口很重要，因为 Android 系统能通过该接口将对象分解成可编组至各进程的原语。

如要创建支持 Parcelable 协议的类，您必须执行以下操作：

让您的类实现 Parcelable 接口。
实现 writeToParcel，它会获取对象的当前状态并将其写入 Parcel。
为您的类添加 CREATOR 静态字段，该字段是实现 Parcelable.Creator 接口的对象。
最后，创建声明 Parcelable 类的 .aidl 文件（遵照下文 Rect.aidl 文件所示步骤）。
如果您使用的是自定义编译进程，请勿在您的构建中添加 .aidl 文件。此 .aidl 文件与 C 语言中的头文件类似，并未经过编译。

如果您的 AIDL 接口包含接收Bundle作为参数（预计包含 Parcelable 类型）的方法，则在尝试从Bundle读取之前，请务必通过调用 Bundle.setClassLoader(ClassLoader) 设置Bundle的类加载器。否则，即使您在应用中正确定义 Parcelable 类型，也会遇到 ClassNotFoundException。

bundle.setClassLoader(getClass().getClassLoader());
        Rect rect = bundle.getParcelable("rect");

调用IPC方法

在项目的 src/ 目录中加入 .aidl 文件。
声明一个 IBinder 接口实例（基于 AIDL 生成）。
实现 ServiceConnection。
调用 Context.bindService()，从而传入您的 ServiceConnection 实现。
在 onServiceConnected() 实现中，您将收到一个 IBinder 实例（名为 service）。调用 YourInterfaceName.Stub.asInterface((IBinder)service)，以将返回的参数转换为 YourInterface 类型。
调用您在接口上定义的方法。您应始终捕获 DeadObjectException 异常，系统会在连接中断时抛出此异常。您还应捕获 SecurityException 异常，当 IPC 方法调用中两个进程的 AIDL 定义发生冲突时，系统会抛出此异常。
如要断开连接，请使用您的接口实例调用 Context.unbindService()。

有关调用 IPC 服务的几点说明：

对象是跨进程计数的引用。
您可以方法参数的形式发送匿名对象。

如何调用AIDL创建的服务

public static class Binding extends Activity {
    /** The primary interface we will be calling on the service. */
    IRemoteService mService = null;
    /** Another interface we use on the service. */
    ISecondary secondaryService = null;

    Button killButton;
    TextView callbackText;

    private InternalHandler handler;
    private boolean isBound;

    /**
     * Standard initialization of this activity.  Set up the UI, then wait
     * for the user to poke it before doing anything.
     */
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

        setContentView(R.layout.remote_service_binding);

        // Watch for button clicks.
        Button button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.bind);
        button.setOnClickListener(mBindListener);
        button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.unbind);
        button.setOnClickListener(unbindListener);
        killButton = (Button)findViewById(R.id.kill);
        killButton.setOnClickListener(killListener);
        killButton.setEnabled(false);

        callbackText = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.callback);
        callbackText.setText("Not attached.");
        handler = new InternalHandler(callbackText);
    }

    /**
     * Class for interacting with the main interface of the service.
     */
    private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
        public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className,
                IBinder service) {
            // This is called when the connection with the service has been
            // established, giving us the service object we can use to
            // interact with the service.  We are communicating with our
            // service through an IDL interface, so get a client-side
            // representation of that from the raw service object.
            mService = IRemoteService.Stub.asInterface(service);
            killButton.setEnabled(true);
            callbackText.setText("Attached.");

            // We want to monitor the service for as long as we are
            // connected to it.
            try {
                mService.registerCallback(mCallback);
            } catch (RemoteException e) {
                // In this case the service has crashed before we could even
                // do anything with it; we can count on soon being
                // disconnected (and then reconnected if it can be restarted)
                // so there is no need to do anything here.
            }

            // As part of the sample, tell the user what happened.
            Toast.makeText(Binding.this, R.string.remote_service_connected,
                    Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        }

        public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) {
            // This is called when the connection with the service has been
            // unexpectedly disconnected -- that is, its process crashed.
            mService = null;
            killButton.setEnabled(false);
            callbackText.setText("Disconnected.");

            // As part of the sample, tell the user what happened.
            Toast.makeText(Binding.this, R.string.remote_service_disconnected,
                    Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        }
    };

    /**
     * Class for interacting with the secondary interface of the service.
     */
    private ServiceConnection secondaryConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
        public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className,
                IBinder service) {
            // Connecting to a secondary interface is the same as any
            // other interface.
            secondaryService = ISecondary.Stub.asInterface(service);
            killButton.setEnabled(true);
        }

        public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) {
            secondaryService = null;
            killButton.setEnabled(false);
        }
    };

    private OnClickListener mBindListener = new OnClickListener() {
        public void onClick(View v) {
            // Establish a couple connections with the service, binding
            // by interface names.  This allows other applications to be
            // installed that replace the remote service by implementing
            // the same interface.
            Intent intent = new Intent(Binding.this, RemoteService.class);
            intent.setAction(IRemoteService.class.getName());
            bindService(intent, mConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
            intent.setAction(ISecondary.class.getName());
            bindService(intent, secondaryConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
            isBound = true;
            callbackText.setText("Binding.");
        }
    };

    private OnClickListener unbindListener = new OnClickListener() {
        public void onClick(View v) {
            if (isBound) {
                // If we have received the service, and hence registered with
                // it, then now is the time to unregister.
                if (mService != null) {
                    try {
                        mService.unregisterCallback(mCallback);
                    } catch (RemoteException e) {
                        // There is nothing special we need to do if the service
                        // has crashed.
                    }
                }

                // Detach our existing connection.
                unbindService(mConnection);
                unbindService(secondaryConnection);
                killButton.setEnabled(false);
                isBound = false;
                callbackText.setText("Unbinding.");
            }
        }
    };

    private OnClickListener killListener = new OnClickListener() {
        public void onClick(View v) {
            // To kill the process hosting our service, we need to know its
            // PID.  Conveniently our service has a call that will return
            // to us that information.
            if (secondaryService != null) {
                try {
                    int pid = secondaryService.getPid();
                    // Note that, though this API allows us to request to
                    // kill any process based on its PID, the kernel will
                    // still impose standard restrictions on which PIDs you
                    // are actually able to kill.  Typically this means only
                    // the process running your application and any additional
                    // processes created by that app as shown here; packages
                    // sharing a common UID will also be able to kill each
                    // other's processes.
                    Process.killProcess(pid);
                    callbackText.setText("Killed service process.");
                } catch (RemoteException ex) {
                    // Recover gracefully from the process hosting the
                    // server dying.
                    // Just for purposes of the sample, put up a notification.
                    Toast.makeText(Binding.this,
                            R.string.remote_call_failed,
                            Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                }
            }
        }
    };

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Code showing how to deal with callbacks.
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * This implementation is used to receive callbacks from the remote
     * service.
     */
    private IRemoteServiceCallback mCallback = new IRemoteServiceCallback.Stub() {
        /**
         * This is called by the remote service regularly to tell us about
         * new values.  Note that IPC calls are dispatched through a thread
         * pool running in each process, so the code executing here will
         * NOT be running in our main thread like most other things -- so,
         * to update the UI, we need to use a Handler to hop over there.
         */
        public void valueChanged(int value) {
            handler.sendMessage(handler.obtainMessage(BUMP_MSG, value, 0));
        }
    };

    private static final int BUMP_MSG = 1;

    private static class InternalHandler extends Handler {
        private final WeakReference<TextView> weakTextView;

        InternalHandler(TextView textView) {
            weakTextView = new WeakReference<>(textView);
        }

        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            switch (msg.what) {
                case BUMP_MSG:
                    TextView textView = weakTextView.get();
                    if (textView != null) {
                        textView.setText("Received from service: " + msg.arg1);
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    super.handleMessage(msg);
            }
        }
    }
}