C++ STL 中lower_bound() 和 upper_bound()讲解

1、lower_bound()

在有序的范围内（具有大于或等于指定值的值）查找第一个元素的位置，该排序标准可由二进制谓词指定。

  语法：

 template<class ForwardIterator, class Type>
   ForwardIterator lower_bound(
      ForwardIterator first, 
      ForwardIterator last,
      const Type& value
   );
template<class ForwardIterator, class Type, class BinaryPredicate>
   ForwardIterator lower_bound(
      ForwardIterator first, 
      ForwardIterator last,
      const Type& value,
      BinaryPredicate comp
   );

   参数：

   	first
     		寻址要搜索的范围中的第一个元素的位置的向前迭代器。
   	last
     		寻址要搜索的范围中最后一个元素的下一位置的向前迭代器。
   	value
     		在排序范围中搜索的处于第一个位置或可能处于第一个位置的值。
   	comp
     		用户定义的谓词函数对象定义一个元素小于另一个。二进制谓词采用两个参数，并且在满足时返回 true，在未满足时返回 false。

   返回值：

     	向前迭代器在有序的范围内（具有大于或等于指定值的值）的第一个元素的位置，其中等效性由二进制谓词指定。

   例子：

// alg_lower_bound.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>      // greater<int>( )
#include <iostream>

// Return whether modulus of elem1 is less than modulus of elem2
bool mod_lesser( int elem1, int elem2 )
{
    if ( elem1 < 0 )
        elem1 = - elem1;
    if ( elem2 < 0 )
        elem2 = - elem2;
    return elem1 < elem2;
}

int main( )
{
    using namespace std;

    vector<int> v1;
    // Constructing vector v1 with default less-than ordering
    for ( auto i = -1 ; i <= 4 ; ++i )
    {
        v1.push_back(  i );
    }

    for ( auto ii =-3 ; ii <= 0 ; ++ii )
    {
        v1.push_back(  ii  );
    }

    cout << "Starting vector v1 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v1)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    sort(v1.begin(), v1.end());
    cout << "Original vector v1 with range sorted by the\n "
        << "binary predicate less than is v1 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v1)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    // Constructing vector v2 with range sorted by greater
    vector<int> v2(v1);

    sort(v2.begin(), v2.end(), greater<int>());

    cout << "Original vector v2 with range sorted by the\n "
        << "binary predicate greater is v2 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v2)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    // Constructing vectors v3 with range sorted by mod_lesser
    vector<int> v3(v1);
    sort(v3.begin(), v3.end(), mod_lesser);

    cout << "Original vector v3 with range sorted by the\n "
        <<  "binary predicate mod_lesser is v3 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v3)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    // Demonstrate lower_bound

    vector<int>::iterator Result;

    // lower_bound of 3 in v1 with default binary predicate less<int>()
    Result = lower_bound(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 3);
    cout << "The lower_bound in v1 for the element with a value of 3 is: "
        << *Result << "." << endl;

    // lower_bound of 3 in v2 with the binary predicate greater<int>( )
    Result = lower_bound(v2.begin(), v2.end(), 3, greater<int>());
    cout << "The lower_bound in v2 for the element with a value of 3 is: "
        << *Result << "." << endl;

    // lower_bound of 3 in v3 with the binary predicate  mod_lesser
    Result = lower_bound(v3.begin(), v3.end(), 3,  mod_lesser);
    cout << "The lower_bound in v3 for the element with a value of 3 is: "
        << *Result << "." << endl;
}

   结果：

Starting vector v1 = ( -1 0 1 2 3 4 -3 -2 -1 0 ).
Original vector v1 with range sorted by the
 binary predicate less than is v1 = ( -3 -2 -1 -1 0 0 1 2 3 4 ).
Original vector v2 with range sorted by the
 binary predicate greater is v2 = ( 4 3 2 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -3 ).
Original vector v3 with range sorted by the
 binary predicate mod_lesser is v3 = ( 0 0 -1 -1 1 -2 2 -3 3 4 ).
The lower_bound in v1 for the element with a value of 3 is: 3.
The lower_bound in v2 for the element with a value of 3 is: 3.
The lower_bound in v3 for the element with a value of 3 is: -3.

2、upper_bound()

	在有序的范围内（具有大于指定值的值）查找第一个元素的位置，该排序标准可由二进制谓词指定。

   语法：

	
template<class ForwardIterator, class Type>
   ForwardIterator upper_bound(
      ForwardIterator first, 
      ForwardIterator last,
      const Type& value
   );
template<class ForwardIterator, class Type, class Predicate>
   ForwardIterator upper_bound(
      ForwardIterator first, 
      ForwardIterator last,
      const Type& value,
      Predicate comp
   );

   参数：

	first
		要搜索的范围中的第一个元素的位置。
	last
		超过要搜索的范围中的最后一个元素的位置。
	value
		顺序范围内的值需要被返回迭代器解决的元素值超过。
	comp
		用户定义的谓词函数对象定义一个元素小于另一个。二进制谓词采用两个参数，并且在满足时返回 true，在未满足时返回 false。

   返回值：

	在其值设置为大于指定值的第一个元素位置上的向前迭代器。

   例子：
// alg_upper_bound.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>      // greater<int>( )
#include <iostream>

// Return whether modulus of elem1 is less than modulus of elem2
bool mod_lesser( int elem1, int elem2 )
{
    if ( elem1 < 0 )
        elem1 = - elem1;
    if ( elem2 < 0 )
        elem2 = - elem2;
    return elem1 < elem2;
}

int main( )
{
    using namespace std;

    vector<int> v1;
    // Constructing vector v1 with default less-than ordering
    for ( auto i = -1 ; i <= 4 ; ++i )
    {
        v1.push_back(  i );
    }

    for ( auto ii =-3 ; ii <= 0 ; ++ii )
    {
        v1.push_back(  ii  );
    }

    cout << "Starting vector v1 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v1)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    sort(v1.begin(), v1.end());
    cout << "Original vector v1 with range sorted by the\n "
        << "binary predicate less than is v1 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v1)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    // Constructing vector v2 with range sorted by greater
    vector<int> v2(v1);

    sort(v2.begin(), v2.end(), greater<int>());

    cout << "Original vector v2 with range sorted by the\n "
        << "binary predicate greater is v2 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v2)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    // Constructing vectors v3 with range sorted by mod_lesser
    vector<int> v3(v1);
    sort(v3.begin(), v3.end(), mod_lesser);

    cout << "Original vector v3 with range sorted by the\n "
        <<  "binary predicate mod_lesser is v3 = ( " ;
    for (const auto &Iter : v3)
        cout << Iter << " ";
    cout << ")." << endl;

    // Demonstrate upper_bound

    vector<int>::iterator Result;

    // upper_bound of 3 in v1 with default binary predicate less<int>()
    Result = upper_bound(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 3);
    cout << "The upper_bound in v1 for the element with a value of 3 is: "
        << *Result << "." << endl;

    // upper_bound of 3 in v2 with the binary predicate greater<int>( )
    Result = upper_bound(v2.begin(), v2.end(), 3, greater<int>());
    cout << "The upper_bound in v2 for the element with a value of 3 is: "
        << *Result << "." << endl;

    // upper_bound of 3 in v3 with the binary predicate  mod_lesser
    Result = upper_bound(v3.begin(), v3.end(), 3,  mod_lesser);
    cout << "The upper_bound in v3 for the element with a value of 3 is: "
        << *Result << "." << endl;
}

结果：

Starting vector v1 = ( -1 0 1 2 3 4 -3 -2 -1 0 ).
Original vector v1 with range sorted by the
 binary predicate less than is v1 = ( -3 -2 -1 -1 0 0 1 2 3 4 ).
Original vector v2 with range sorted by the
 binary predicate greater is v2 = ( 4 3 2 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -3 ).
Original vector v3 with range sorted by the
 binary predicate mod_lesser is v3 = ( 0 0 -1 -1 1 -2 2 -3 3 4 ).
The upper_bound in v1 for the element with a value of 3 is: 4.
The upper_bound in v2 for the element with a value of 3 is: 2.
The upper_bound in v3 for the element with a value of 3 is: 4.