怎样解题 --解题表(how to solve it)

《怎样解题》 美.波利亚

下面是来自书中的解题表:

理解题目

第一			理解题目
你必须理解题目		未知量是什么?已知数据是什么?条件是什么?
			条件有可能满足吗?条件是否可以确定未适量?或者它不够充分?或者矛盾?
			画一张图,引入适当的符号。
			将条件的不同部分分开。你能把它们写出来吗?

第二			拟定方案
找出已知数据与未知量	你以前见过它吗?或者你见过同样的题目以一种稍有不同的形式出现吗?
之间的关系。		你知道一道与它有关的题目吗?你知道一条可能有用的定量吗?
如果找不到直接的联系,	观察未知量!并尽量想出一道你所熟悉的具有相同或相似未知量的题目。
你也许不得不去考虑辅助	这里有一道题目和你的题目有关而且以前解过。你能利用它吗?你能利用它的结果吗?
题目。			你能利用它的方法吗?为了有可能应用它,你是否应该引入某个辅助元素?
最终你应该得到一个解题	你能重新叙述这道题目吗?你还能以不同的方式叙述它吗?
方案。			回到定义上去?	
			如果你不能解所提的题目,先尝试去解某道有关的题目。你能否想到一道更容易着手的
			题目?一道更为普遍化的题目?一道更为特殊化的题目?一道类似的题目?
			你能解出这道题目的一部分吗?只保留条件的一部分,而丢掉其他部分,那么未知量
			可以确定到什么程度,它能怎样变化?你能从已知数据中得出一些有用的东西吗?
			你能想到其他合适的已知数据来确定该未知量吗?你能改变未知量或已知数据,


			或者有必要的话,把两者都改变,从而使新的未知量和新的已知数据彼此更接近吗?
			你用到所有的已知数据了吗?你用到全部的条件了吗?你把题目中所有关键的概念都
			考虑到了吗?

第三			执行方案
执行你的方案		执行你的解题方案,检查每一个步骤。你能清楚地看出这个步骤是正确的吗?
			你能否证明它是正确的?

第四			回顾
检查已经得到的解答		你能检验这个结果吗?你能检验这个认证吗?
			你能以不同的方式推导这个结果吗?你能一眼就看出它来吗?
			你能在别的什么题目中利用这个结果或这种方法吗?

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A perennial bestseller by eminent mathematician G. Polya, "How to Solve It" will show anyone in any field how to think straight. In lucid and appealing prose, Polya reveals how the mathematical method of demonstrating a proof or finding an unknown can be of help in attacking any problem that can be "reasoned" out - from building a bridge to winning a game of anagrams. Generations of readers have relished Polya's deft - indeed, brilliant - instructions on stripping away irrelevancies and going straight to the heart of the problem. In this best-selling classic, George Polya revealed how the mathematical method of demonstrating a proof or finding an unknown can be of help in attacking any problem that can be "reasoned" out - from building a bridge to winning a game of anagrams.Generations of readers have relished Polya's deft instructions on stripping away irrelevancies and going straight to the heart of a problem. "How to Solve It" popularized heuristics, the art and science of discovery and invention. It has been in print continuously since 1945 and has been translated into twenty-three different languages. Polya was one of the most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century. He made important contributions to a great variety of mathematical research: from complex analysis to mathematical physics, number theory, probability, geometry, astronomy, and combinatorics. He was also an extraordinary teacher - he taught until he was ninety - and maintained a strong interest in pedagogical matters throughout his long career.In addition to "How to Solve It", he published a two-volume work on the topic of problem solving, "Mathematics of Plausible Reasoning", also with Princeton. Polya is one of the most frequently quoted mathematicians, and the following statements from "How to Solve It" make clear why: "My method to overcome a difficulty is to go around it." "Geometry is the science of correct reasoning on incorrect figures." "In order to solve this differential equa

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