算法基础6-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/xiaotai1234/article/details/108813023

算法基础6

一、链表问题

1.面试时链表解题的方法论

对于笔试，不用太在乎空间复杂度，一切为了时间复杂度
对于面试，时间复杂度依然放在第一位，但是一定要找到空间最省的方法

2.链表面试题常用数据结构和技巧

使用容器（哈希表、数组等）
快慢指针

3.快慢指针

输入链表头结点，奇数长度返回中点，偶数长度返回上中点
输入链表头结点，奇数长度返回中点，偶数长度返回下中点
输入链表头结点，奇数长度返回中点前一个，偶数长度返回上中点前一个
输入链表头结点，奇数长度返回中点前一个，偶数长度返回下中点前一个

package class06;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Code01_LinkedListMid {

	public static class Node {
		public int value;
		public Node next;

		public Node(int v) {
			value = v;
		}
	}

	// head 头
	public static Node midOrUpMidNode(Node head) {
		if (head == null || head.next == null || head.next.next == null) {
			return head;
		}
		// 链表有3个点或以上
		Node slow = head.next;
		Node fast = head.next.next;
		while (fast.next != null && fast.next.next != null) {
			slow = slow.next;
			fast = fast.next.next;
		}
		return slow;
	}

	public static Node midOrDownMidNode(Node head) {
		if (head == null || head.next == null) {
			return head;
		}
		Node slow = head.next;
		Node fast = head.next;
		while (fast.next != null && fast.next.next != null) {
			slow = slow.next;
			fast = fast.next.next;
		}
		return slow;
	}

	public static Node midOrUpMidPreNode(Node head) {
		if (head == null || head.next == null || head.next.next == null) {
			return null;
		}
		Node slow = head;
		Node fast = head.next.next;
		while (fast.next != null && fast.next.next != null) {
			slow = slow.next;
			fast = fast.next.next;
		}
		return slow;
	}

	public static Node midOrDownMidPreNode(Node head) {
		if (head == null || head.next == null) {
			return null;
		}
		if (head.next.next == null) {
			return head;
		}
		Node slow = head;
		Node fast = head.next;
		while (fast.next != null && fast.next.next != null) {
			slow = slow.next;
			fast = fast.next.next;
		}
		return slow;
	}

	public static Node right1(Node head) {
		if (head == null) {
			return null;
		}
		Node cur = head;
		ArrayList<Node> arr = new ArrayList<>();
		while (cur != null) {
			arr.add(cur);
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		return arr.get((arr.size() - 1) / 2);
	}

	public static Node right2(Node head) {
		if (head == null) {
			return null;
		}
		Node cur = head;
		ArrayList<Node> arr = new ArrayList<>();
		while (cur != null) {
			arr.add(cur);
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		return arr.get(arr.size() / 2);
	}

	public static Node right3(Node head) {
		if (head == null || head.next == null || head.next.next == null) {
			return null;
		}
		Node cur = head;
		ArrayList<Node> arr = new ArrayList<>();
		while (cur != null) {
			arr.add(cur);
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		return arr.get((arr.size() - 3) / 2);
	}

	public static Node right4(Node head) {
		if (head == null || head.next == null) {
			return null;
		}
		Node cur = head;
		ArrayList<Node> arr = new ArrayList<>();
		while (cur != null) {
			arr.add(cur);
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		return arr.get((arr.size() - 2) / 2);
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Node test = null;
		test = new Node(0);
		test.next = new Node(1);
		test.next.next = new Node(2);
		test.next.next.next = new Node(3);
		test.next.next.next.next = new Node(4);
		test.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(5);
		test.next.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(6);
		test.next.next.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(7);
		test.next.next.next.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(8);

		Node ans1 = null;
		Node ans2 = null;

		ans1 = midOrUpMidNode(test);
		ans2 = right1(test);
		System.out.println(ans1 != null ? ans1.value : "无");
		System.out.println(ans2 != null ? ans2.value : "无");

		ans1 = midOrDownMidNode(test);
		ans2 = right2(test);
		System.out.println(ans1 != null ? ans1.value : "无");
		System.out.println(ans2 != null ? ans2.value : "无");

		ans1 = midOrUpMidPreNode(test);
		ans2 = right3(test);
		System.out.println(ans1 != null ? ans1.value : "无");
		System.out.println(ans2 != null ? ans2.value : "无");

		ans1 = midOrDownMidPreNode(test);
		ans2 = right4(test);
		System.out.println(ans1 != null ? ans1.value : "无");
		System.out.println(ans2 != null ? ans2.value : "无");

	}

}

4.常见面试题

给定一个单链表的头结点head，请判断该链表是否为回文结构。
1）哈希表方法特别简单（笔试用）
2）改原链表的方法就需要注意边界了（面试用）

package class06;

import java.util.Stack;

public class Code02_IsPalindromeList {

	public static class Node {
		public int value;
		public Node next;

		public Node(int data) {
			this.value = data;
		}
	}

	// need n extra space
	public static boolean isPalindrome1(Node head) {
		Stack<Node> stack = new Stack<Node>();
		Node cur = head;
		while (cur != null) {
			stack.push(cur);
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		while (head != null) {
			if (head.value != stack.pop().value) {
				return false;
			}
			head = head.next;
		}
		return true;
	}

	// need n/2 extra space
	public static boolean isPalindrome2(Node head) {
		if (head == null || head.next == null) {
			return true;
		}
		Node right = head.next;
		Node cur = head;
		while (cur.next != null && cur.next.next != null) {
			right = right.next;
			cur = cur.next.next;
		}
		Stack<Node> stack = new Stack<Node>();
		while (right != null) {
			stack.push(right);
			right = right.next;
		}
		while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
			if (head.value != stack.pop().value) {
				return false;
			}
			head = head.next;
		}
		return true;
	}

	// need O(1) extra space
	public static boolean isPalindrome3(Node head) {
		if (head == null || head.next == null) {
			return true;
		}
		Node n1 = head;
		Node n2 = head;
		while (n2.next != null && n2.next.next != null) { // find mid node
			n1 = n1.next; // n1 -> mid
			n2 = n2.next.next; // n2 -> end
		}
		// n1 中点
		
		
		n2 = n1.next; // n2 -> right part first node
		n1.next = null; // mid.next -> null
		Node n3 = null;
		while (n2 != null) { // right part convert
			n3 = n2.next; // n3 -> save next node
			n2.next = n1; // next of right node convert
			n1 = n2; // n1 move
			n2 = n3; // n2 move
		}
		n3 = n1; // n3 -> save last node
		n2 = head;// n2 -> left first node
		boolean res = true;
		while (n1 != null && n2 != null) { // check palindrome
			if (n1.value != n2.value) {
				res = false;
				break;
			}
			n1 = n1.next; // left to mid
			n2 = n2.next; // right to mid
		}
		n1 = n3.next;
		n3.next = null;
		while (n1 != null) { // recover list
			n2 = n1.next;
			n1.next = n3;
			n3 = n1;
			n1 = n2;
		}
		return res;
	}

	public static void printLinkedList(Node node) {
		System.out.print("Linked List: ");
		while (node != null) {
			System.out.print(node.value + " ");
			node = node.next;
		}
		System.out.println();
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {

		Node head = null;
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.print(isPalindrome1(head) + " | ");
		System.out.print(isPalindrome2(head) + " | ");
		System.out.println(isPalindrome3(head) + " | ");
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

		head = new Node(1);
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.print(isPalindrome1(head) + " | ");
		System.out.print(isPalindrome2(head) + " | ");
		System.out.println(isPalindrome3(head) + " | ");
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

		head = new Node(1);
		head.next = new Node(2);
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.print(isPalindrome1(head) + " | ");
		System.out.print(isPalindrome2(head) + " | ");
		System.out.println(isPalindrome3(head) + " | ");
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

		head = new Node(1);
		head.next = new Node(1);
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.print(isPalindrome1(head) + " | ");
		System.out.print(isPalindrome2(head) + " | ");
		System.out.println(isPalindrome3(head) + " | ");
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

		head = new Node(1);
		head.next = new Node(2);
		head.next.next = new Node(3);
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.print(isPalindrome1(head) + " | ");
		System.out.print(isPalindrome2(head) + " | ");
		System.out.println(isPalindrome3(head) + " | ");
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

		head = new Node(1);
		head.next = new Node(2);
		head.next.next = new Node(1);
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.print(isPalindrome1(head) + " | ");
		System.out.print(isPalindrome2(head) + " | ");
		System.out.println(isPalindrome3(head) + " | ");
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

		head = new Node(1);
		head.next = new Node(2);
		head.next.next = new Node(3);
		head.next.next.next = new Node(1);
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.print(isPalindrome1(head) + " | ");
		System.out.print(isPalindrome2(head) + " | ");
		System.out.println(isPalindrome3(head) + " | ");
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

		head = new Node(1);
		head.next = new Node(2);
		head.next.next = new Node(2);
		head.next.next.next = new Node(1);
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.print(isPalindrome1(head) + " | ");
		System.out.print(isPalindrome2(head) + " | ");
		System.out.println(isPalindrome3(head) + " | ");
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

		head = new Node(1);
		head.next = new Node(2);
		head.next.next = new Node(3);
		head.next.next.next = new Node(2);
		head.next.next.next.next = new Node(1);
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.print(isPalindrome1(head) + " | ");
		System.out.print(isPalindrome2(head) + " | ");
		System.out.println(isPalindrome3(head) + " | ");
		printLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

	}

}

5.常见面试题2

将单向链表按某值划分成左边小、中间相等、右边大的形式
1)把链表放入数组里，在数组上做partition(笔试用)
2)分成小、中、大三部分，再把各个部分之间串起来（面试用）

package class06;

public class Code03_SmallerEqualBigger {

	public static class Node {
		public int value;
		public Node next;

		public Node(int data) {
			this.value = data;
		}
	}

	public static Node listPartition1(Node head, int pivot) {
		if (head == null) {
			return head;
		}
		Node cur = head;
		int i = 0;
		while (cur != null) {
			i++;
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		Node[] nodeArr = new Node[i];
		i = 0;
		cur = head;
		for (i = 0; i != nodeArr.length; i++) {
			nodeArr[i] = cur;
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		arrPartition(nodeArr, pivot);
		for (i = 1; i != nodeArr.length; i++) {
			nodeArr[i - 1].next = nodeArr[i];
		}
		nodeArr[i - 1].next = null;
		return nodeArr[0];
	}

	public static void arrPartition(Node[] nodeArr, int pivot) {
		int small = -1;
		int big = nodeArr.length;
		int index = 0;
		while (index != big) {
			if (nodeArr[index].value < pivot) {
				swap(nodeArr, ++small, index++);
			} else if (nodeArr[index].value == pivot) {
				index++;
			} else {
				swap(nodeArr, --big, index);
			}
		}
	}

	public static void swap(Node[] nodeArr, int a, int b) {
		Node tmp = nodeArr[a];
		nodeArr[a] = nodeArr[b];
		nodeArr[b] = tmp;
	}

	public static Node listPartition2(Node head, int pivot) {
		Node sH = null; // small head
		Node sT = null; // small tail
		Node eH = null; // equal head
		Node eT = null; // equal tail
		Node mH = null; // big head
		Node mT = null; // big tail
		Node next = null; // save next node
		// every node distributed to three lists
		while (head != null) {
			next = head.next;
			head.next = null;
			if (head.value < pivot) {
				if (sH == null) {
					sH = head;
					sT = head;
				} else {
					sT.next = head;
					sT = head;
				}
			} else if (head.value == pivot) {
				if (eH == null) {
					eH = head;
					eT = head;
				} else {
					eT.next = head;
					eT = head;
				}
			} else {
				if (mH == null) {
					mH = head;
					mT = head;
				} else {
					mT.next = head;
					mT = head;
				}
			}
			head = next;
		}
		// 小于区域的尾巴，连等于区域的头，等于区域的尾巴连大于区域的头
		if (sT != null) { // 如果有小于区域
			sT.next = eH;
			eT = eT == null ? sT : eT; // 下一步，谁去连大于区域的头，谁就变成eT
		}
		// 上面的if，不管跑了没有，et
		// all reconnect
		if (eT != null) { // 如果小于区域和等于区域，不是都没有
			eT.next = mH;
		}
		return sH != null ? sH : (eH != null ? eH : mH);
	}

	public static void printLinkedList(Node node) {
		System.out.print("Linked List: ");
		while (node != null) {
			System.out.print(node.value + " ");
			node = node.next;
		}
		System.out.println();
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Node head1 = new Node(7);
		head1.next = new Node(9);
		head1.next.next = new Node(1);
		head1.next.next.next = new Node(8);
		head1.next.next.next.next = new Node(5);
		head1.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(2);
		head1.next.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(5);
		printLinkedList(head1);
		// head1 = listPartition1(head1, 4);
		head1 = listPartition2(head1, 5);
		printLinkedList(head1);

	}

}

6.常见面试题3

一种特殊的单链表节点类描述如下
class Node{
int value;
Node next;
Node rand;
Node int(val){value = val;}
}
rand指针是单链表节点结构中新增的指针，rand可能指向链表中的任意一个节点，也可能指向null。
给定一个由Node节点类型组成的无环单链表的头结点head，请实现一个函数完成这个链表的复制，并返回复制的新链表的头结点。
要求
时间复杂度O（N），额外空间复杂度O（1）

package class06;

import java.util.HashMap;

public class Code04_CopyListWithRandom {

	public static class Node {
		public int value;
		public Node next;
		public Node rand;

		public Node(int data) {
			this.value = data;
		}
	}

	public static Node copyListWithRand1(Node head) {
		HashMap<Node, Node> map = new HashMap<Node, Node>();
		Node cur = head;
		while (cur != null) {
			map.put(cur, new Node(cur.value));
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		cur = head;
		while (cur != null) {
			// cur 老
			// map.get(cur) 新
			map.get(cur).next = map.get(cur.next);
			map.get(cur).rand = map.get(cur.rand);
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		return map.get(head);
	}

	public static Node copyListWithRand2(Node head) {
		if (head == null) {
			return null;
		}
		Node cur = head;
		Node next = null;
		// copy node and link to every node
		// 1 -> 2
		// 1 -> 1' -> 2
		while (cur != null) {
			// cur 老 next 老的下一个
			next = cur.next;
			cur.next = new Node(cur.value);
			cur.next.next = next;
			cur = next;
		}
		cur = head;
		Node curCopy = null;
		// set copy node rand
		// 1 -> 1' -> 2 -> 2'
		while (cur != null) {
			// cur 老
			// cur.next 新 copy
			next = cur.next.next;
			curCopy = cur.next;
			curCopy.rand = cur.rand != null ? cur.rand.next : null;
			cur = next;
		}
		// head head.next
		Node res = head.next;
		cur = head;
		// split
		while (cur != null) {
			next = cur.next.next;
			curCopy = cur.next;
			cur.next = next;
			curCopy.next = next != null ? next.next : null;
			cur = next;
		}
		return res;
	}

	public static void printRandLinkedList(Node head) {
		Node cur = head;
		System.out.print("order: ");
		while (cur != null) {
			System.out.print(cur.value + " ");
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		System.out.println();
		cur = head;
		System.out.print("rand:  ");
		while (cur != null) {
			System.out.print(cur.rand == null ? "- " : cur.rand.value + " ");
			cur = cur.next;
		}
		System.out.println();
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Node head = null;
		Node res1 = null;
		Node res2 = null;
		printRandLinkedList(head);
		res1 = copyListWithRand1(head);
		printRandLinkedList(res1);
		res2 = copyListWithRand2(head);
		printRandLinkedList(res2);
		printRandLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

		head = new Node(1);
		head.next = new Node(2);
		head.next.next = new Node(3);
		head.next.next.next = new Node(4);
		head.next.next.next.next = new Node(5);
		head.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(6);

		head.rand = head.next.next.next.next.next; // 1 -> 6
		head.next.rand = head.next.next.next.next.next; // 2 -> 6
		head.next.next.rand = head.next.next.next.next; // 3 -> 5
		head.next.next.next.rand = head.next.next; // 4 -> 3
		head.next.next.next.next.rand = null; // 5 -> null
		head.next.next.next.next.next.rand = head.next.next.next; // 6 -> 4

		System.out.println("原始链表：");
		printRandLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");
		res1 = copyListWithRand1(head);
		System.out.println("方法一的拷贝链表：");
		printRandLinkedList(res1);
		System.out.println("=========================");
		res2 = copyListWithRand2(head);
		System.out.println("方法二的拷贝链表：");
		printRandLinkedList(res2);
		System.out.println("=========================");
		System.out.println("经历方法二拷贝之后的原始链表：");
		printRandLinkedList(head);
		System.out.println("=========================");

	}

}

7.常见面试4

给定两个可能有环，也可能无环的单链表，头节点head1和head2。请实现一个函数，如果两个链表相交，请返回相交的第一个节点。如果不相交，返回null。
要求
如果两个链表长度之和为N，时间复杂度请达到O（N），额外空间复杂度请达到O（1）。

package class06;

public class Code05_FindFirstIntersectNode {

	public static class Node {
		public int value;
		public Node next;

		public Node(int data) {
			this.value = data;
		}
	}

	public static Node getIntersectNode(Node head1, Node head2) {
		if (head1 == null || head2 == null) {
			return null;
		}
		Node loop1 = getLoopNode(head1);
		Node loop2 = getLoopNode(head2);
		if (loop1 == null && loop2 == null) {
			return noLoop(head1, head2);
		}
		if (loop1 != null && loop2 != null) {
			return bothLoop(head1, loop1, head2, loop2);
		}
		return null;
	}

	// 找到链表第一个入环节点，如果无环，返回null
	public static Node getLoopNode(Node head) {
		if (head == null || head.next == null || head.next.next == null) {
			return null;
		}
		// n1 慢  n2 快
		Node n1 = head.next; // n1 -> slow
		Node n2 = head.next.next; // n2 -> fast
		while (n1 != n2) {
			if (n2.next == null || n2.next.next == null) {
				return null;
			}
			n2 = n2.next.next;
			n1 = n1.next;
		}
		n2 = head; // n2 -> walk again from head
		while (n1 != n2) {
			n1 = n1.next;
			n2 = n2.next;
		}
		return n1;
	}

	// 如果两个链表都无环，返回第一个相交节点，如果不想交，返回null
	public static Node noLoop(Node head1, Node head2) {
		if (head1 == null || head2 == null) {
			return null;
		}
		Node cur1 = head1;
		Node cur2 = head2;
		int n = 0;
		while (cur1.next != null) {
			n++;
			cur1 = cur1.next;
		}
		while (cur2.next != null) {
			n--;
			cur2 = cur2.next;
		}
		if (cur1 != cur2) {
			return null;
		}
		// n  :  链表1长度减去链表2长度的值
		cur1 = n > 0 ? head1 : head2; // 谁长，谁的头变成cur1
		cur2 = cur1 == head1 ? head2 : head1; // 谁短，谁的头变成cur2
		n = Math.abs(n);
		while (n != 0) {
			n--;
			cur1 = cur1.next;
		}
		while (cur1 != cur2) {
			cur1 = cur1.next;
			cur2 = cur2.next;
		}
		return cur1;
	}

	// 两个有环链表，返回第一个相交节点，如果不想交返回null
	public static Node bothLoop(Node head1, Node loop1, Node head2, Node loop2) {
		Node cur1 = null;
		Node cur2 = null;
		if (loop1 == loop2) {
			cur1 = head1;
			cur2 = head2;
			int n = 0;
			while (cur1 != loop1) {
				n++;
				cur1 = cur1.next;
			}
			while (cur2 != loop2) {
				n--;
				cur2 = cur2.next;
			}
			cur1 = n > 0 ? head1 : head2;
			cur2 = cur1 == head1 ? head2 : head1;
			n = Math.abs(n);
			while (n != 0) {
				n--;
				cur1 = cur1.next;
			}
			while (cur1 != cur2) {
				cur1 = cur1.next;
				cur2 = cur2.next;
			}
			return cur1;
		} else {
			cur1 = loop1.next;
			while (cur1 != loop1) {
				if (cur1 == loop2) {
					return loop1;
				}
				cur1 = cur1.next;
			}
			return null;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// 1->2->3->4->5->6->7->null
		Node head1 = new Node(1);
		head1.next = new Node(2);
		head1.next.next = new Node(3);
		head1.next.next.next = new Node(4);
		head1.next.next.next.next = new Node(5);
		head1.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(6);
		head1.next.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(7);

		// 0->9->8->6->7->null
		Node head2 = new Node(0);
		head2.next = new Node(9);
		head2.next.next = new Node(8);
		head2.next.next.next = head1.next.next.next.next.next; // 8->6
		System.out.println(getIntersectNode(head1, head2).value);

		// 1->2->3->4->5->6->7->4...
		head1 = new Node(1);
		head1.next = new Node(2);
		head1.next.next = new Node(3);
		head1.next.next.next = new Node(4);
		head1.next.next.next.next = new Node(5);
		head1.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(6);
		head1.next.next.next.next.next.next = new Node(7);
		head1.next.next.next.next.next.next = head1.next.next.next; // 7->4

		// 0->9->8->2...
		head2 = new Node(0);
		head2.next = new Node(9);
		head2.next.next = new Node(8);
		head2.next.next.next = head1.next; // 8->2
		System.out.println(getIntersectNode(head1, head2).value);

		// 0->9->8->6->4->5->6..
		head2 = new Node(0);
		head2.next = new Node(9);
		head2.next.next = new Node(8);
		head2.next.next.next = head1.next.next.next.next.next; // 8->6
		System.out.println(getIntersectNode(head1, head2).value);

	}

}