算法基础8
一、概述
1.概念
可以解决面试中绝大多数的二叉树问题尤其是树型dp问题
本质是利用递归遍历二叉树的便利性
2.做法
1）假设以节点X为头，假设可以向X左树和X右树要任何信息
2）在上一步的假设下，讨论以X为头结点的树，得到答案的可能性（最重要）
3）列出所有可能性后，确定到底需要向左树和右树要什么样的信息
4）把左树信息和右树信息求全集，就是任何一棵子树都需要返回的信息S
5）递归函数都返回S，每一棵子树都这么要求
6）写代码，在代码中考虑如何把左树的信息和右树信息整合出整棵树的信息
二、面试题
1.题目一
给定一棵二叉树的头结点head，返回这棵二叉树是不是平衡二叉树
package class08;
public class Code01_IsBalanced {
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static boolean isBalanced1(Node head) {
boolean[] ans = new boolean[1];
ans[0] = true;
process1(head, ans);
return ans[0];
}
public static int process1(Node head, boolean[] ans) {
if (!ans[0] || head == null) {
return -1;
}
int leftHeight = process1(head.left, ans);
int rightHeight = process1(head.right, ans);
if (Math.abs(leftHeight - rightHeight) > 1) {
ans[0] = false;
}
return Math.max(leftHeight, rightHeight) + 1;
}
public static boolean isBalanced2(Node head) {
return process2(head).isBalaced;
}
// 左、右要求一样，Info 信息返回的结构体
public static class Info {
public boolean isBalaced;
public int height;
public Info(boolean b, int h) {
isBalaced = b;
height = h;
}
}
public static Info process2(Node X) {
if (X == null) {
return new Info(true, 0);
}
Info leftInfo = process2(X.left);
Info rightInfo = process2(X.right);
int height = Math.max(leftInfo.height, rightInfo.height) + 1;
boolean isBalanced = true;
if (!leftInfo.isBalaced || !rightInfo.isBalaced || Math.abs(leftInfo.height - rightInfo.height) > 1) {
isBalanced = false;
}
return new Info(isBalanced, height);
}
// for test
public static Node generateRandomBST(int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
return generate(1, maxLevel, maxValue);
}
// for test
public static Node generate(int level, int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
if (level > maxLevel || Math.random() < 0.5) {
return null;
}
Node head = new Node((int) (Math.random() * maxValue));
head.left = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
head.right = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
return head;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int maxLevel = 5;
int maxValue = 100;
int testTimes = 1000000;
for (int i = 0; i < testTimes; i++) {
Node head = generateRandomBST(maxLevel, maxValue);
if (isBalanced1(head) != isBalanced2(head)) {
System.out.println("Oops!");
}
}
System.out.println("finish!");
}
}
2.题目二
给定一棵二叉树的头结点head，任何两个节点之间都存在距离，返回整棵二叉树的最大距离
package class08;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
public class Code08_MaxDistance {
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static int maxDistance1(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return 0;
}
ArrayList<Node> arr = getPrelist(head);
HashMap<Node, Node> parentMap = getParentMap(head);
int max = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < arr.size(); i++) {
for (int j = i; j < arr.size(); j++) {
max = Math.max(max, distance(parentMap, arr.get(i), arr.get(j)));
}
}
return max;
}
public static ArrayList<Node> getPrelist(Node head) {
ArrayList<Node> arr = new ArrayList<>();
fillPrelist(head, arr);
return arr;
}
public static void fillPrelist(Node head, ArrayList<Node> arr) {
if (head == null) {
return;
}
arr.add(head);
fillPrelist(head.left, arr);
fillPrelist(head.right, arr);
}
public static HashMap<Node, Node> getParentMap(Node head) {
HashMap<Node, Node> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put(head, null);
fillParentMap(head, map);
return map;
}
public static void fillParentMap(Node head, HashMap<Node, Node> parentMap) {
if (head.left != null) {
parentMap.put(head.left, head);
fillParentMap(head.left, parentMap);
}
if (head.right != null) {
parentMap.put(head.right, head);
fillParentMap(head.right, parentMap);
}
}
public static int distance(HashMap<Node, Node> parentMap, Node o1, Node o2) {
HashSet<Node> o1Set = new HashSet<>();
Node cur = o1;
o1Set.add(cur);
while (parentMap.get(cur) != null) {
cur = parentMap.get(cur);
o1Set.add(cur);
}
cur = o2;
while (!o1Set.contains(cur)) {
cur = parentMap.get(cur);
}
Node lowestAncestor = cur;
cur = o1;
int distance1 = 1;
while (cur != lowestAncestor) {
cur = parentMap.get(cur);
distance1++;
}
cur = o2;
int distance2 = 1;
while (cur != lowestAncestor) {
cur = parentMap.get(cur);
distance2++;
}
return distance1 + distance2 - 1;
}
public static int maxDistance2(Node head) {
return process(head).maxDistance;
}
public static class Info {
public int maxDistance;
public int height;
public Info(int dis, int h) {
maxDistance = dis;
height = h;
}
}
public static Info process(Node X) {
if (X == null) {
return new Info(0, 0);
}
Info leftInfo = process(X.left);
Info rightInfo = process(X.right);
int height = Math.max(leftInfo.height, rightInfo.height) + 1;
int maxDistance = Math.max(
Math.max(leftInfo.maxDistance, rightInfo.maxDistance),
leftInfo.height + rightInfo.height + 1);
return new Info(maxDistance, height);
}
// for test
public static Node generateRandomBST(int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
return generate(1, maxLevel, maxValue);
}
// for test
public static Node generate(int level, int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
if (level > maxLevel || Math.random() < 0.5) {
return null;
}
Node head = new Node((int) (Math.random() * maxValue));
head.left = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
head.right = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
return head;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int maxLevel = 4;
int maxValue = 100;
int testTimes = 1000000;
for (int i = 0; i < testTimes; i++) {
Node head = generateRandomBST(maxLevel, maxValue);
if (maxDistance1(head) != maxDistance2(head)) {
System.out.println("Oops!");
}
}
System.out.println("finish!");
}
}
3.题目三
给定一棵二叉树的头结点head，返回这棵二叉树中最大的二叉搜索子树的头结点
package class08;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Code04_MaxSubBSTSize {
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static int getBSTSize(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return 0;
}
ArrayList<Node> arr = new ArrayList<>();
in(head, arr);
for (int i = 1; i < arr.size(); i++) {
if (arr.get(i).value <= arr.get(i - 1).value) {
return 0;
}
}
return arr.size();
}
public static void in(Node head, ArrayList<Node> arr) {
if (head == null) {
return;
}
in(head.left, arr);
arr.add(head);
in(head.right, arr);
}
public static int maxSubBSTSize1(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return 0;
}
int h = getBSTSize(head);
if (h != 0) {
return h;
}
return Math.max(maxSubBSTSize1(head.left), maxSubBSTSize1(head.right));
}
public static int maxSubBSTSize2(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return 0;
}
return process(head).maxSubBSTSize;
}
// public static Info process(Node head) {
// if (head == null) {
// return null;
// }
// Info leftInfo = process(head.left);
// Info rightInfo = process(head.right);
// int min = head.value;
// int max = head.value;
// int maxSubBSTSize = 0;
// if (leftInfo != null) {
// min = Math.min(min, leftInfo.min);
// max = Math.max(max, leftInfo.max);
// maxSubBSTSize = Math.max(maxSubBSTSize, leftInfo.maxSubBSTSize);
// }
// if (rightInfo != null) {
// min = Math.min(min, rightInfo.min);
// max = Math.max(max, rightInfo.max);
// maxSubBSTSize = Math.max(maxSubBSTSize, rightInfo.maxSubBSTSize);
// }
// boolean isBST = false;
// if ((leftInfo == null ? true : (leftInfo.isAllBST && leftInfo.max < head.value))
// && (rightInfo == null ? true : (rightInfo.isAllBST && rightInfo.min > head.value))) {
// isBST = true;
// maxSubBSTSize = (leftInfo == null ? 0 : leftInfo.maxSubBSTSize)
// + (rightInfo == null ? 0 : rightInfo.maxSubBSTSize) + 1;
// }
// return new Info(isBST, maxSubBSTSize, min, max);
// }
// 任何子树
public static class Info {
public boolean isAllBST;
public int maxSubBSTSize;
public int min;
public int max;
public Info(boolean is, int size, int mi, int ma) {
isAllBST = is;
maxSubBSTSize = size;
min = mi;
max = ma;
}
}
public static Info process(Node X) {
if(X == null) {
return null;
}
Info leftInfo = process(X.left);
Info rightInfo = process(X.right);
int min = X.value;
int max = X.value;
if(leftInfo != null) {
min = Math.min(min, leftInfo.min);
max = Math.max(max, leftInfo.max);
}
if(rightInfo != null) {
min = Math.min(min, rightInfo.min);
max = Math.max(max, rightInfo.max);
}
int maxSubBSTSize = 0;
if(leftInfo != null) {
maxSubBSTSize = leftInfo.maxSubBSTSize;
}
if(rightInfo !=null) {
maxSubBSTSize = Math.max(maxSubBSTSize, rightInfo.maxSubBSTSize);
}
boolean isAllBST = false;
if(
// 左树整体需要是搜索二叉树
( leftInfo == null ? true : leftInfo.isAllBST )
&&
( rightInfo == null ? true : rightInfo.isAllBST )
&&
// 左树最大值<x
(leftInfo == null ? true : leftInfo.max < X.value)
&&
(rightInfo == null ? true : rightInfo.min > X.value)
) {
maxSubBSTSize =
(leftInfo == null ? 0 : leftInfo.maxSubBSTSize)
+
(rightInfo == null ? 0 : rightInfo.maxSubBSTSize)
+
1;
isAllBST = true;
}
return new Info(isAllBST, maxSubBSTSize, min, max);
}
// for test
public static Node generateRandomBST(int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
return generate(1, maxLevel, maxValue);
}
// for test
public static Node generate(int level, int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
if (level > maxLevel || Math.random() < 0.5) {
return null;
}
Node head = new Node((int) (Math.random() * maxValue));
head.left = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
head.right = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
return head;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int maxLevel = 4;
int maxValue = 100;
int testTimes = 1000000;
for (int i = 0; i < testTimes; i++) {
Node head = generateRandomBST(maxLevel, maxValue);
if (maxSubBSTSize1(head) != maxSubBSTSize2(head)) {
System.out.println("Oops!");
}
}
System.out.println("finish!");
}
}
4.题目四
派对的最大快乐值
员工信息的定义如下:
class Employee{
public int happy;//这名员工可以带来的快乐值
List subordinates;//这名员工有哪些直接下级
}
这个公司现在要办party，你可以决定哪些员工来，哪些员工不来，规则：
如果某个员工来了，那么这个员工的所有直接下级都不能来
派对的整体快乐值是所有到场员工快乐值的累加
你的目标是让派对的整体快乐值尽量大
给定一棵多叉树的头结点boss，请返回派对的最大快乐值
package class08;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class Code09_MaxHappy {
public static class Employee {
public int happy;
public List<Employee> nexts;
public Employee(int h) {
happy = h;
nexts = new ArrayList<>();
}
}
public static int maxHappy1(Employee boss) {
if (boss == null) {
return 0;
}
return process1(boss, false);
}
// 当前来到的节点叫cur，
// up表示cur的上级是否来，
// 该函数含义：
// 如果up为true，表示在cur上级已经确定来，的情况下，cur整棵树能够提供最大的快乐值是多少？
// 如果up为false，表示在cur上级已经确定不来，的情况下，cur整棵树能够提供最大的快乐值是多少？
public static int process1(Employee cur, boolean up) {
if (up) { // 如果cur的上级来的话，cur没得选，只能不来
int ans = 0;
for (Employee next : cur.nexts) {
ans += process1(next, false);
}
return ans;
} else { // 如果cur的上级不来的话，cur可以选，可以来也可以不来
int p1 = cur.happy;
int p2 = 0;
for (Employee next : cur.nexts) {
p1 += process1(next, true);
p2 += process1(next, false);
}
return Math.max(p1, p2);
}
}
public static int maxHappy2(Employee boss) {
if (boss == null) {
return 0;
}
Info all = process2(boss);
return Math.max(all.yes, all.no);
}
public static class Info {
public int yes;
public int no;
public Info(int y, int n) {
yes = y;
no = n;
}
}
public static Info process2(Employee x) {
if (x.nexts.isEmpty()) {
return new Info(x.happy, 0);
}
int yes = x.happy;
int no = 0;
for (Employee next : x.nexts) {
Info nextInfo = process2(next);
yes += nextInfo.no;
no += Math.max(nextInfo.yes, nextInfo.no);
}
return new Info(yes, no);
}
// for test
public static Employee genarateBoss(int maxLevel, int maxNexts, int maxHappy) {
if (Math.random() < 0.02) {
return null;
}
Employee boss = new Employee((int) (Math.random() * (maxHappy + 1)));
genarateNexts(boss, 1, maxLevel, maxNexts, maxHappy);
return boss;
}
// for test
public static void genarateNexts(Employee e, int level, int maxLevel, int maxNexts, int maxHappy) {
if (level > maxLevel) {
return;
}
int nextsSize = (int) (Math.random() * (maxNexts + 1));
for (int i = 0; i < nextsSize; i++) {
Employee next = new Employee((int) (Math.random() * (maxHappy + 1)));
e.nexts.add(next);
genarateNexts(next, level + 1, maxLevel, maxNexts, maxHappy);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int maxLevel = 4;
int maxNexts = 7;
int maxHappy = 100;
int testTimes = 100000;
for (int i = 0; i < testTimes; i++) {
Employee boss = genarateBoss(maxLevel, maxNexts, maxHappy);
if (maxHappy1(boss) != maxHappy2(boss)) {
System.out.println("Oops!");
}
}
System.out.println("finish!");
}
}
5.题目五
给定一棵二叉树的头结点head，返回这棵二叉树中是不是完全二叉树
package class08;
import java.util.LinkedList;
public class Code06_IsCBT {
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static boolean isCBT1(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return true;
}
LinkedList<Node> queue = new LinkedList<>();
// 是否遇到过左右两个孩子不双全的节点
boolean leaf = false;
Node l = null;
Node r = null;
queue.add(head);
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
head = queue.poll();
l = head.left;
r = head.right;
if (
// 如果遇到了不双全的节点之后，又发现当前节点不是叶节点
(leaf && (l != null || r != null)) || (l == null && r != null)
) {
return false;
}
if (l != null) {
queue.add(l);
}
if (r != null) {
queue.add(r);
}
if (l == null || r == null) {
leaf = true;
}
}
return true;
}
public static boolean isCBT2(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return true;
}
return process(head).isCBT;
}
// 对每一棵子树，是否是满二叉树、是否是完全二叉树、高度
public static class Info {
public boolean isFull;
public boolean isCBT;
public int height;
public Info(boolean full, boolean cbt, int h) {
isFull = full;
isCBT = cbt;
height = h;
}
}
public static Info process(Node X) {
if (X == null) {
return new Info(true, true, 0);
}
Info leftInfo = process(X.left);
Info rightInfo = process(X.right);
int height = Math.max(leftInfo.height, rightInfo.height) + 1;
boolean isFull = leftInfo.isFull
&&
rightInfo.isFull
&& leftInfo.height == rightInfo.height;
boolean isCBT = false;
if (isFull) {
isCBT = true;
} else { // 以x为头整棵树，不满
if (leftInfo.isCBT && rightInfo.isCBT) {
if (leftInfo.isCBT
&& rightInfo.isFull
&& leftInfo.height == rightInfo.height + 1) {
isCBT = true;
}
if (leftInfo.isFull
&&
rightInfo.isFull
&& leftInfo.height == rightInfo.height + 1) {
isCBT = true;
}
if (leftInfo.isFull
&& rightInfo.isCBT && leftInfo.height == rightInfo.height) {
isCBT = true;
}
}
}
return new Info(isFull, isCBT, height);
}
// for test
public static Node generateRandomBST(int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
return generate(1, maxLevel, maxValue);
}
// for test
public static Node generate(int level, int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
if (level > maxLevel || Math.random() < 0.5) {
return null;
}
Node head = new Node((int) (Math.random() * maxValue));
head.left = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
head.right = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
return head;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int maxLevel = 5;
int maxValue = 100;
int testTimes = 1000000;
for (int i = 0; i < testTimes; i++) {
Node head = generateRandomBST(maxLevel, maxValue);
if (isCBT1(head) != isCBT2(head)) {
System.out.println("Oops!");
}
}
System.out.println("finish!");
}
}
6.题目六
给定一棵二叉树的头结点head，和另外两个节点a和b。
返回a和b的最低公共祖先。
package class08;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
public class Code07_lowestAncestor {
public static class Node {
public int value;
public Node left;
public Node right;
public Node(int data) {
this.value = data;
}
}
public static Node lowestAncestor1(Node head, Node o1, Node o2) {
if (head == null) {
return null;
}
// key的父节点是value
HashMap<Node, Node> parentMap = new HashMap<>();
parentMap.put(head, null);
fillParentMap(head, parentMap);
HashSet<Node> o1Set = new HashSet<>();
Node cur = o1;
o1Set.add(cur);
while (parentMap.get(cur) != null) {
cur = parentMap.get(cur);
o1Set.add(cur);
}
cur = o2;
while (!o1Set.contains(cur)) {
cur = parentMap.get(cur);
}
return cur;
}
public static void fillParentMap(Node head, HashMap<Node, Node> parentMap) {
if (head.left != null) {
parentMap.put(head.left, head);
fillParentMap(head.left, parentMap);
}
if (head.right != null) {
parentMap.put(head.right, head);
fillParentMap(head.right, parentMap);
}
}
public static Node lowestAncestor2(Node head, Node o1, Node o2) {
return process(head, o1, o2).ans;
}
// 任何子树，
public static class Info {
public Node ans;
public boolean findO1;
public boolean findO2;
public Info(Node a, boolean f1, boolean f2) {
ans = a;
findO1 = f1;
findO2 = f2;
}
}
public static Info process(Node X, Node o1, Node o2) {
if (X == null) {
return new Info(null, false, false);
}
Info leftInfo = process(X.left, o1, o2);
Info rightInfo = process(X.right, o1, o2);
boolean findO1 = X == o1 || leftInfo.findO1 || rightInfo.findO1;
boolean findO2 = X == o2 || leftInfo.findO2 || rightInfo.findO2;
// O1和O2最初的交汇点在哪？
// 1) 在左树上已经提前交汇了
// 2) 在右树上已经提前交汇了
// 3) 没有在左树或者右树上提前交汇，O1 O2 全了
// 4)
Node ans = null;
if (leftInfo.ans != null) {
ans = leftInfo.ans;
}
if (rightInfo.ans != null) {
ans = rightInfo.ans;
}
if (ans == null) {
if (findO1 && findO2) {
ans = X;
}
}
return new Info(ans, findO1, findO2);
}
// for test
public static Node generateRandomBST(int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
return generate(1, maxLevel, maxValue);
}
// for test
public static Node generate(int level, int maxLevel, int maxValue) {
if (level > maxLevel || Math.random() < 0.5) {
return null;
}
Node head = new Node((int) (Math.random() * maxValue));
head.left = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
head.right = generate(level + 1, maxLevel, maxValue);
return head;
}
// for test
public static Node pickRandomOne(Node head) {
if (head == null) {
return null;
}
ArrayList<Node> arr = new ArrayList<>();
fillPrelist(head, arr);
int randomIndex = (int) (Math.random() * arr.size());
return arr.get(randomIndex);
}
// for test
public static void fillPrelist(Node head, ArrayList<Node> arr) {
if (head == null) {
return;
}
arr.add(head);
fillPrelist(head.left, arr);
fillPrelist(head.right, arr);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int maxLevel = 4;
int maxValue = 100;
int testTimes = 1000000;
for (int i = 0; i < testTimes; i++) {
Node head = generateRandomBST(maxLevel, maxValue);
Node o1 = pickRandomOne(head);
Node o2 = pickRandomOne(head);
if (lowestAncestor1(head, o1, o2) != lowestAncestor2(head, o1, o2)) {
System.out.println("Oops!");
}
}
System.out.println("finish!");
}
}
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