python3如何使用元类

在python2中可以通过定义一个类级别属性__metaclass__来实创建元类，不过在python3中取消了__metaclass__属性。python3中可以通过在定义类的时候声明metaclass参数来创建元类。

实例1：增加一个__author__类属性

class Author(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        attrs['__author__'] = 'xiemanR'
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)


class MyBlog(metaclass=Author):
    pass


print(MyBlog.__author__)

a = MyBlog()
print(a.__author__)

实例2：使用元类创建单例模式

class Singleton(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        print('new')
        attrs['instance'] = None
        return super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        print('call')
        if cls.instance is None:
            cls.instance = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls.instance


class Foo(metaclass=Singleton):
    pass

x = Foo()
y = Foo()
print(id(x))
print(id(y))

实例3：将类属性转化为大写的形式

class Upper(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dct):
        attrs = ((name, value) for name, value in dct.items() if not name.startswith('__'))
        uppercase_attr = dict((name.upper(), value) for name, value in attrs)
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, uppercase_attr)


class Bar(metaclass=Upper):
    foo = 'foo'
    test = 'test'

b = Bar()
print(b.FOO)
print(b.TEST)