优达学城深度学习之五——卷积神经网络

梯度下降算法推导与实现

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

#Some helper functions for plotting and drawing lines

def plot_points(X, y):
    admitted = X[np.argwhere(y==1)]
    rejected = X[np.argwhere(y==0)]
    plt.scatter([s[0][0] for s in rejected], [s[0][1] for s in rejected], s = 25, color = 'blue', edgecolor = 'k')
    plt.scatter([s[0][0] for s in admitted], [s[0][1] for s in admitted], s = 25, color = 'red', edgecolor = 'k')

def display(m, b, color='g--'):
    plt.xlim(-0.05,1.05)
    plt.ylim(-0.05,1.05)
    x = np.arange(-10, 10, 0.1)
    plt.plot(x, m*x+b, color)
#读取与绘制数据
data = pd.read_csv('data.csv', header=None)
X = np.array(data[[0,1]])
y = np.array(data[2])
plot_points(X,y)
plt.show()

# Implement the following functions

# Activation (sigmoid) function
def sigmoid(x):
    return 1/(1+np.exp(-x))

# Output (prediction) formula
def output_formula(features, weights, bias):
    sigmoid(np.dot(features, weights) + bias)

# Error (log-loss) formula
def error_formula(y, output):
    return - y*np.log(output) - (1 - y) * np.log(1-output)

# Gradient descent step
def update_weights(x, y, weights, bias, learnrate):
    output = output_formula(x, weights, bias)
    d_error = -(y - output)
    weights -= learnrate * d_error * x
    bias -= learnrate * d_error
    return weights, bias
np.random.seed(44)

epochs = 100
learnrate = 0.01

def train(features, targets, epochs, learnrate, graph_lines=False):
    
    errors = []
    n_records, n_features = features.shape
    last_loss = None
    weights = np.random.normal(scale=1 / n_features**.5, size=n_features)
    bias = 0
    for e in range(epochs):
        del_w = np.zeros(weights.shape)
        for x, y in zip(features, targets):
            output = output_formula(x, weights, bias)
            error = error_formula(y, output)
            weights, bias = update_weights(x, y, weights, bias, learnrate)
        
        # Printing out the log-loss error on the training set
        out = output_formula(features, weights, bias)
        loss = np.mean(error_formula(targets, out))
        errors.append(loss)
        if e % (epochs / 10) == 0:
            print("\n========== Epoch", e,"==========")
            if last_loss and last_loss < loss:
                print("Train loss: ", loss, "  WARNING - Loss Increasing")
            else:
                print("Train loss: ", loss)
            last_loss = loss
            predictions = out > 0.5
            accuracy = np.mean(predictions == targets)
            print("Accuracy: ", accuracy)
        if graph_lines and e % (epochs / 100) == 0:
            display(-weights[0]/weights[1], -bias/weights[1])
# Plotting the solution boundary
    plt.title("Solution boundary")
    display(-weights[0]/weights[1], -bias/weights[1], 'black')

    # Plotting the data
    plot_points(features, targets)
    plt.show()

    # Plotting the error
    plt.title("Error Plot")
    plt.xlabel('Number of epochs')
    plt.ylabel('Error')
    plt.plot(errors)
    plt.show()
#训练算法
train(X, y, epochs, learnrate, True)

反向传播

反向传播流程如下：

• 进行前向反馈运算。
• 将模型的输出与期望的输出进行比较。
• 计算误差。
• 向后运行前向反馈运算（反向传播），将误差分散到每个权重上。
• 更新权重，并获得更好的模型。
• 继续此流程，直到获得很好的模型。

实战演练：利用神经网络来预测学生录取情况

数据集来源： http://www.ats.ucla.edu/

# Importing pandas and numpy
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

# Reading the csv file into a pandas DataFrame
data = pd.read_csv('student_data.csv')

# Printing out the first 10 rows of our data
data[:10]
#绘制数据
# Importing matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
# Function to help us plot
def plot_points(data):
    X = np.array(data[["gre","gpa"]])
    y = np.array(data["admit"])
    admitted = X[np.argwhere(y==1)]
    rejected = X[np.argwhere(y==0)]
    plt.scatter([s[0][0] for s in rejected], [s[0][1] for s in rejected], s = 25, color = 'red', edgecolor = 'k')
    plt.scatter([s[0][0] for s in admitted], [s[0][1] for s in admitted], s = 25, color = 'cyan', edgecolor = 'k')
    plt.xlabel('Test (GRE)')
    plt.ylabel('Grades (GPA)')
    
# Plotting the points
plot_points(data)
plt.show()
# Separating the ranks
data_rank1 = data[data["rank"]==1]
data_rank2 = data[data["rank"]==2]
data_rank3 = data[data["rank"]==3]
data_rank4 = data[data["rank"]==4]

# Plotting the graphs
plot_points(data_rank1)
plt.title("Rank 1")
plt.show()
plot_points(data_rank2)
plt.title("Rank 2")
plt.show()
plot_points(data_rank3)
plt.title("Rank 3")
plt.show()
plot_points(data_rank4)
plt.title("Rank 4")
plt.show()
#将评级进行one-shot编码
# TODO:  Make dummy variables for rank
one_hot_data = pd.concat([data, pd.get_dummies(data['rank'], prefix='rank')], axis=1)

# TODO: Drop the previous rank column
one_hot_data = one_hot_data.drop('rank', axis=1)

# Print the first 10 rows of our data
one_hot_data[:10]
#缩放数据
# Making a copy of our data
processed_data = one_hot_data[:]

# TODO: Scale the columns
processed_data['gre']=processed_data['gre']/800
processed_data['gpa']=processed_data['gpa']/4.0

# Printing the first 10 rows of our procesed data
processed_data[:10]
#将数据分成训练集和测试集
sample = np.random.choice(processed_data.index, size=int(len(processed_data)*0.9), replace=False)
train_data, test_data = processed_data.iloc[sample], processed_data.drop(sample)

print("Number of training samples is", len(train_data))
print("Number of testing samples is", len(test_data))
print(train_data[:10])
print(test_data[:10])
#将数据分成特征和目标
features = train_data.drop('admit', axis=1)
targets = train_data['admit']
features_test = test_data.drop('admit', axis=1)
targets_test = test_data['admit']

print(features[:10])
print(targets[:10])
#训练二层神经网络
 Activation (sigmoid) function
def sigmoid(x):
    return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
def sigmoid_prime(x):
    return sigmoid(x) * (1-sigmoid(x))
def error_formula(y, output):
    return - y*np.log(output) - (1 - y) * np.log(1-output)
#误差反向传播
# TODO: Write the error term formula
def error_term_formula(y, output):
    return (y-output)*sigmoid_prime(x)
def error_term_formula(x, y, output):
    return (y-output) * output * (1 - output)
# Neural Network hyperparameters
epochs = 1000
learnrate = 0.5

# Training function
def train_nn(features, targets, epochs, learnrate):
    
    # Use to same seed to make debugging easier
    np.random.seed(42)

    n_records, n_features = features.shape
    last_loss = None

    # Initialize weights
    weights = np.random.normal(scale=1 / n_features**.5, size=n_features)

    for e in range(epochs):
        del_w = np.zeros(weights.shape)
        for x, y in zip(features.values, targets):
            # Loop through all records, x is the input, y is the target

            # Activation of the output unit
            #   Notice we multiply the inputs and the weights here 
            #   rather than storing h as a separate variable 
            output = sigmoid(np.dot(x, weights))

            # The error, the target minus the network output
            error = error_formula(y, output)

            # The error term
            #   Notice we calulate f'(h) here instead of defining a separate
            #   sigmoid_prime function. This just makes it faster because we
            #   can re-use the result of the sigmoid function stored in
            #   the output variable
            error_term = error_term_formula(x,y, output)

            # The gradient descent step, the error times the gradient times the inputs
            del_w += error_term * x

        # Update the weights here. The learning rate times the 
        # change in weights, divided by the number of records to average
        weights += learnrate * del_w / n_records

        # Printing out the error on the training set
        if e % (epochs / 10) == 0:
            out = sigmoid(np.dot(features, weights))
            loss = np.mean((out - targets) ** 2)
            print("Epoch:", e)
            if last_loss and last_loss < loss:
                print("Train loss: ", loss, "  WARNING - Loss Increasing")
            else:
                print("Train loss: ", loss)
            last_loss = loss
            print("=========")
    print("Finished training!")
    return weights
    
weights = train_nn(features, targets, epochs, learnrate)
#计算测试数据的准确度
# Calculate accuracy on test data
tes_out = sigmoid(np.dot(features_test, weights))
predictions = tes_out > 0.5
accuracy = np.mean(predictions == targets_test)
print("Prediction accuracy: {:.3f}".format(accuracy))