Android Gralloc模块分析--深入分析

前一篇的文章《Android Gralloc模块分析》从功能的角度分析了Gralloc模块，基本掌握了Gralloc的总体结构，但是具体函数还有待进一步学习与分析。它们包括：

      

分别对应gralloc.cpp、framebuffer.cpp、mapper.cpp

这里的组织感觉不太合理，应该改成：gralloc_module.cpp跟映射相关、alloc_device.cpp跟分配图形缓冲区相关、framebuffer_device.cpp跟渲染相关。今天看了瑞星微的gralloc代码，组织得就很好，逻辑性强。

回顾

        上一篇文章提到，模块在被框架层加载后，就导出了HMI符号地址对应的hw_module_t结构。实际上导出了

        gralloc_device_open方法

        gralloc_register_buffer方法

        其中后者用来将图形缓冲区映射进程地址空间中；而前者用来打开两个设备，这两个设备分别是alloc_device_t和framebuffer_device_t，它们返回了主要函数有：

        gralloc_alloc方法

         fb_post方法

        上面两种方法，分别用来分配图形缓冲区，渲染帧缓冲区。本文下面的内容具体分析这些函数及相关的函数。

gralloc设备                                                                             gralloc.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include <limits.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#include <cutils/ashmem.h>
#include <cutils/log.h>
#include <cutils/atomic.h>

#include <hardware/hardware.h>
#include <hardware/gralloc.h>

#include "gralloc_priv.h"
#include "gr.h"

/*****************************************************************************/

struct gralloc_context_t {
    alloc_device_t  device;
    /* our private data here */
};

static int gralloc_alloc_buffer(alloc_device_t* dev,
        size_t size, int usage, buffer_handle_t* pHandle);

/*****************************************************************************/

int fb_device_open(const hw_module_t* module, const char* name,
        hw_device_t** device);

static int gralloc_device_open(const hw_module_t* module, const char* name,
        hw_device_t** device);

extern int gralloc_lock(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        buffer_handle_t handle, int usage,
        int l, int t, int w, int h,
        void** vaddr);

extern int gralloc_unlock(gralloc_module_t const* module, 
        buffer_handle_t handle);

extern int gralloc_register_buffer(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        buffer_handle_t handle);

extern int gralloc_unregister_buffer(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        buffer_handle_t handle);

/*****************************************************************************/
//模块被加载后，会执行的open方法，用来打开设备
static struct hw_module_methods_t gralloc_module_methods = {
        open: gralloc_device_open
};
// 导出符号HMI，是HAL框架编程规范定义的
struct private_module_t HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM = {
    base: {
        common: {
            tag: HARDWARE_MODULE_TAG,
            version_major: 1,
            version_minor: 0,
            id: GRALLOC_HARDWARE_MODULE_ID,
            name: "Graphics Memory Allocator Module",
            author: "The Android Open Source Project",
            methods: &gralloc_module_methods
        },
        registerBuffer: gralloc_register_buffer,
        unregisterBuffer: gralloc_unregister_buffer,
        lock: gralloc_lock,
        unlock: gralloc_unlock,
    },
    framebuffer: 0,
    flags: 0,
    numBuffers: 0,
    bufferMask: 0,
    lock: PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
    currentBuffer: 0,
};

/*****************************************************************************/
//帧缓冲区锁定后的操作，在帧缓冲区找一个空闲的图形缓冲区，记录到private_handle_t结构中并返回
// dev :	gralloc设备
// size:	整个图像所占用的字节数
// usage:	图形缓冲区位置标志位：fb、内存
// pHandle: 图形缓冲区描述符
static int gralloc_alloc_framebuffer_locked(alloc_device_t* dev,
        size_t size, int usage, buffer_handle_t* pHandle)
{
	//将至类型转化，hw_module_t转化为private_module_t
    private_module_t* m = reinterpret_cast<private_module_t*>(
            dev->common.module);

    // allocate the framebuffer
    if (m->framebuffer == NULL) { //帧缓冲区没有被初始化
        // initialize the framebuffer, the framebuffer is mapped once
        // and forever.
		// 初始化帧缓冲区，映射到当前的进程的虚拟地址空间中来
        int err = mapFrameBufferLocked(m);
        if (err < 0) {
            return err;
        }
    }

	//得到帧缓冲区使用情况
    const uint32_t bufferMask = m->bufferMask;
	//得到帧缓冲区划分为多少个图形缓冲区使用
    const uint32_t numBuffers = m->numBuffers;
	//设备显示器显示一屏图形所占用的内存大小
    const size_t bufferSize = m->finfo.line_length * m->info.yres;
    if (numBuffers == 1) {
        // If we have only one buffer, we never use page-flipping. Instead,
        // we return a regular buffer which will be memcpy'ed to the main
        // screen when post is called.
		//不能再帧缓冲区中分配，就在内存中分配图形缓冲区
        int newUsage = (usage & ~GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_FB) | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_2D;
        return gralloc_alloc_buffer(dev, bufferSize, newUsage, pHandle);
    }

	//系统帧缓冲区中的图形缓冲区都被分配出去了
    if (bufferMask >= ((1LU<<numBuffers)-1)) {
        // We ran out of buffers.
        return -ENOMEM;
    }

	//指向系统缓冲区的基址
    // create a "fake" handles for it
    intptr_t vaddr = intptr_t(m->framebuffer->base);
	//创建一个private_handle_t来描述一个将要分配出去的图形缓冲区
    private_handle_t* hnd = new private_handle_t(dup(m->framebuffer->fd), size,
            private_handle_t::PRIV_FLAGS_FRAMEBUFFER);

	//找帧缓冲区中一个空闲的图形缓冲区
    // find a free slot
    for (uint32_t i=0 ; i<numBuffers ; i++) {
        if ((bufferMask & (1LU<<i)) == 0) {
            m->bufferMask |= (1LU<<i);
            break;
        }
		//每次查找偏移一个图形缓冲区的大小
        vaddr += bufferSize;
    }
    
	//分配出去的图形缓冲区的基地址保存在private_handle_t的base变量中
    hnd->base = vaddr;
	//相对于帧缓冲区的基地址偏移保存在private_handle_t的offset变量中
    hnd->offset = vaddr - intptr_t(m->framebuffer->base);
	//返回private_handle_t这个图形缓冲区描述符
    *pHandle = hnd;

    return 0;
}
/*****************************************************************************/
//1.在帧缓冲区中分配图形缓冲区
// dev :	gralloc设备
// size:	整个图像所占用的字节数
// usage:	图形缓冲区位置标志位：fb、内存
// pHandle: 图形缓冲区描述符
static int gralloc_alloc_framebuffer(alloc_device_t* dev,
        size_t size, int usage, buffer_handle_t* pHandle)
{
	//将至类型转化，hw_module_t转化为private_module_t
    private_module_t* m = reinterpret_cast<private_module_t*>(
            dev->common.module);
	//并发问题加锁
    pthread_mutex_lock(&m->lock);
    int err = gralloc_alloc_framebuffer_locked(dev, size, usage, pHandle); //锁定帧缓冲区后操作
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&m->lock);
    return err;
}
/*****************************************************************************/
//2.在内存中分配图形缓冲区
// dev :	gralloc设备
// size:	整个图像所占用的字节数
// usage:	图形缓冲区位置标志位：fb、内存
// pHandle: 图形缓冲区描述符
static int gralloc_alloc_buffer(alloc_device_t* dev,
        size_t size, int usage, buffer_handle_t* pHandle)
{
    int err = 0;
    int fd = -1;

	//字节大小转化到页大小
    size = roundUpToPageSize(size);
    
	//创建匿名内存区域
    fd = ashmem_create_region("gralloc-buffer", size);
    if (fd < 0) {
        ALOGE("couldn't create ashmem (%s)", strerror(-errno));
        err = -errno;
    }

	//创建成功后，分配一个private_handle_t用来记录图形缓冲区，并返回给调用者
    if (err == 0) {
        private_handle_t* hnd = new private_handle_t(fd, size, 0);
        gralloc_module_t* module = reinterpret_cast<gralloc_module_t*>(
                dev->common.module);
		//映射图形缓冲区到进程的虚拟地址空间中，帧缓冲区中分配时也映射了噢
        err = mapBuffer(module, hnd);
        if (err == 0) {
            *pHandle = hnd;
        }
    }
    
    ALOGE_IF(err, "gralloc failed err=%s", strerror(-err));
    
    return err;
}

/*****************************************************************************/
//用来分配图形缓冲区
// int w : 图形缓冲区所保存图像的宽度，即一行多少个像素点
// int h : 图形缓冲区所保存图像的高度，即一共有多少行
// format: 表示图形的格式
// usage : 标志位，GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_FB值表示在帧缓冲区中分配图形缓冲区
// pHandle: 图形缓冲区句柄，用来描述一个图形缓冲区
// pStride: 用来返回一行的像素点个数
static int gralloc_alloc(alloc_device_t* dev,
        int w, int h, int format, int usage,
        buffer_handle_t* pHandle, int* pStride)
{
    if (!pHandle || !pStride)
        return -EINVAL;

    size_t size, stride;

    int align = 4;
    int bpp = 0;    //每个像素点多少字节
    switch (format) {
        case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888:
        case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888:
        case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_BGRA_8888:
            bpp = 4;
            break;
        case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_888:
            bpp = 3;
            break;
        case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_565:
        case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_5551:
        case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_4444:
        case HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RAW_SENSOR:
            bpp = 2;
            break;
        default:
            return -EINVAL;
    }
	//将一行所占的字节数对齐到4个字节，例如：2013对齐到四个字节会变为2016
    size_t bpr = (w*bpp + (align-1)) & ~(align-1);
	//对齐后乘以高度，表示整个图像所占的字节数
    size = bpr * h;
	//stride表示一行的像素点个数
    stride = bpr / bpp;

    int err;
    if (usage & GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_FB) {
		//在帧缓冲区中分配图形缓冲区
        err = gralloc_alloc_framebuffer(dev, size, usage, pHandle);
    } else {
		//内存中分配图形缓冲区
        err = gralloc_alloc_buffer(dev, size, usage, pHandle);
    }

    if (err < 0) {
        return err;
    }

	//返回一行的像素点个数
    *pStride = stride;
    return 0;
}
/*****************************************************************************/
//用来释放图形缓冲区
static int gralloc_free(alloc_device_t* dev,
        buffer_handle_t handle)
{
    if (private_handle_t::validate(handle) < 0)
        return -EINVAL;

    private_handle_t const* hnd = reinterpret_cast<private_handle_t const*>(handle);

	//图形缓冲区在帧缓冲区分配
    if (hnd->flags & private_handle_t::PRIV_FLAGS_FRAMEBUFFER) {
        // free this buffer
        private_module_t* m = reinterpret_cast<private_module_t*>(
                dev->common.module);
		//计算该图形缓冲区的大小
        const size_t bufferSize = m->finfo.line_length * m->info.yres;
        int index = (hnd->base - m->framebuffer->base) / bufferSize;
		//图形缓冲区使用情况记录到buffer屏蔽位中
        m->bufferMask &= ~(1<<index); 
    } else { 
	//图形缓冲区是匿名内存
        gralloc_module_t* module = reinterpret_cast<gralloc_module_t*>(
                dev->common.module);
		//在mapper.cpp中实现的
        terminateBuffer(module, const_cast<private_handle_t*>(hnd));
    }

    close(hnd->fd);
    delete hnd;
    return 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

static int gralloc_close(struct hw_device_t *dev)
{
    gralloc_context_t* ctx = reinterpret_cast<gralloc_context_t*>(dev);
    if (ctx) {
        /* TODO: keep a list of all buffer_handle_t created, and free them
         * all here.
         */
        free(ctx);
    }
    return 0;
}

//模块的入口函数，用来打开gralloc设备、fb设备
int gralloc_device_open(const hw_module_t* module, const char* name,
        hw_device_t** device)
{
    int status = -EINVAL;
	//1. 打开gralloc设备
    if (!strcmp(name, GRALLOC_HARDWARE_GPU0)) {
        gralloc_context_t *dev;
		//对gralloc设备的封装结构
        dev = (gralloc_context_t*)malloc(sizeof(*dev));

        /* initialize our state here */
        memset(dev, 0, sizeof(*dev));

        /* initialize the procs */
        dev->device.common.tag = HARDWARE_DEVICE_TAG;
        dev->device.common.version = 0;
        dev->device.common.module = const_cast<hw_module_t*>(module);
        dev->device.common.close = gralloc_close;

		//gralloc封装的主要方法gralloc_alloc,用来分配图形缓冲区
        dev->device.alloc   = gralloc_alloc;
        dev->device.free    = gralloc_free;

		//设备指针返回给框架层，即封装方法返回给框架层
        *device = &dev->device.common;
        status = 0;
    } else {
	//2. 打开fb设备
        status = fb_device_open(module, name, device);
    }
    return status;
}

fb设备

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include <sys/mman.h>

#include <dlfcn.h>

#include <cutils/ashmem.h>
#include <cutils/log.h>

#include <hardware/hardware.h>
#include <hardware/gralloc.h>

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <cutils/log.h>
#include <cutils/atomic.h>

#if HAVE_ANDROID_OS
#include <linux/fb.h>
#endif

#include "gralloc_priv.h"
#include "gr.h"

/*****************************************************************************/

// numbers of buffers for page flipping
#define NUM_BUFFERS 2


enum {
    PAGE_FLIP = 0x00000001,
    LOCKED = 0x00000002
};

struct fb_context_t {
    framebuffer_device_t  device;
};

/*****************************************************************************/
//检查两个图形缓冲区渲染到帧缓冲区的间隔时间是否合法
static int fb_setSwapInterval(struct framebuffer_device_t* dev,
            int interval)
{
    fb_context_t* ctx = (fb_context_t*)dev;
    if (interval < dev->minSwapInterval || interval > dev->maxSwapInterval)
        return -EINVAL;
    // FIXME: implement fb_setSwapInterval
    return 0;
}

//设置可以更新的区域，放在fix_var_screeninfo的保留字段当中
static int fb_setUpdateRect(struct framebuffer_device_t* dev,
        int l, int t, int w, int h)
{
    if (((w|h) <= 0) || ((l|t)<0))
        return -EINVAL;
        
    fb_context_t* ctx = (fb_context_t*)dev;
    private_module_t* m = reinterpret_cast<private_module_t*>(
            dev->common.module);
    m->info.reserved[0] = 0x54445055; // "UPDT";
    m->info.reserved[1] = (uint16_t)l | ((uint32_t)t << 16);
    m->info.reserved[2] = (uint16_t)(l+w) | ((uint32_t)(t+h) << 16);
    return 0;
}

//用来渲染图形缓冲区数据到系统缓冲区
// dev :	fb设备
// buffer:	图形缓冲区描述符
static int fb_post(struct framebuffer_device_t* dev, buffer_handle_t buffer)
{
    if (private_handle_t::validate(buffer) < 0)
        return -EINVAL;

    fb_context_t* ctx = (fb_context_t*)dev;

    private_handle_t const* hnd = reinterpret_cast<private_handle_t const*>(buffer);
    private_module_t* m = reinterpret_cast<private_module_t*>(
            dev->common.module);

	//若是该图形缓冲区时在帧缓冲区中分配的
    if (hnd->flags & private_handle_t::PRIV_FLAGS_FRAMEBUFFER) {
		//图形缓冲区在帧缓冲区中，是不需要拷贝的，但是需要告诉帧缓冲区设备，这个图形缓冲区是要输出的图形缓冲区
        const size_t offset = hnd->base - m->framebuffer->base;
		//表示下一个垂直同步事件出现时，才将要输出的图形缓冲区绘制出来。这样避免了闪烁
        m->info.activate = FB_ACTIVATE_VBL;
        m->info.yoffset = offset / m->finfo.line_length;							//用哪一个图形缓冲区，不用设置成员变量xoffset的值是因为所有的图形缓冲区的宽度是相等的
		//根据上面两个参数，设置帧缓冲区中绘制的图形缓冲区
        if (ioctl(m->framebuffer->fd, FBIOPUT_VSCREENINFO, &m->info) == -1) {		//设置输出缓冲区
            ALOGE("FBIOPUT_VSCREENINFO failed");
            m->base.unlock(&m->base, buffer); 
            return -errno;
        }
		//记录当前被渲染的图形缓冲区
        m->currentBuffer = buffer;
        
    } else {
	//若图形缓冲区时在内存中分配的
        // If we can't do the page_flip, just copy the buffer to the front 
        // FIXME: use copybit HAL instead of memcpy
        
        void* fb_vaddr;
        void* buffer_vaddr;
        
		//锁定两个图形缓冲区，防止被改变。同时获取缓冲区的基地址
        m->base.lock(&m->base, m->framebuffer, 
                GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_RARELY, 
                0, 0, m->info.xres, m->info.yres,
                &fb_vaddr);

        m->base.lock(&m->base, buffer, 
                GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_RARELY, 
                0, 0, m->info.xres, m->info.yres,
                &buffer_vaddr);

		//参数1:图形缓冲区的起始地址   参数2:帧缓冲区的起始地址    参数3:一帧图形的大小（字节）
        memcpy(fb_vaddr, buffer_vaddr, m->finfo.line_length * m->info.yres);
        
		//解锁操作
        m->base.unlock(&m->base, buffer); 
        m->base.unlock(&m->base, m->framebuffer); 
    }
    
    return 0;
}
/*
疑问: 这里为什么没有指定yoffset来指定系统缓冲区使用哪一个图形缓冲区呢。
解答: 原来这里有个模式问题。
      1.当虚拟屏幕的图形缓冲区只有一个时，是不支持PAGE_FLIP的，
	    这时分配的图形缓冲区必然在内存中，而帧缓冲区中输出的只有一个图形缓冲区
	  2.当虚拟屏幕的图形缓冲区有两个或以上是，才支持PAGE_FLIP,
	    这是分配的图形缓冲区就在帧缓冲区中，这样帧缓冲区才有选择哪一个输出的问题
*/

/*****************************************************************************/
//获取帧缓冲区信息，映射到当前进程的虚拟地址空间中
int mapFrameBufferLocked(struct private_module_t* module)
{
	//已经初始化完成
    // already initialized...
    if (module->framebuffer) {
        return 0;
    }
     
	//设备文件枚举
    char const * const device_template[] = {
            "/dev/graphics/fb%u",
            "/dev/fb%u",
            0 };

    int fd = -1;
    int i=0;
    char name[64];

    while ((fd==-1) && device_template[i]) {
		//打开设备节点
        snprintf(name, 64, device_template[i], 0);
        fd = open(name, O_RDWR, 0);
        i++;
    }
    if (fd < 0)
        return -errno;

	//通过ioctl获取fb_fix_screeninfo信息
    struct fb_fix_screeninfo finfo;
    if (ioctl(fd, FBIOGET_FSCREENINFO, &finfo) == -1)
        return -errno;

	//通过ioctl获取fb_var_screeninfo信息
    struct fb_var_screeninfo info;
    if (ioctl(fd, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &info) == -1)
        return -errno;

    info.reserved[0] = 0;
    info.reserved[1] = 0;
    info.reserved[2] = 0;
    info.xoffset = 0;
    info.yoffset = 0;
    info.activate = FB_ACTIVATE_NOW;

    /*
     * Request NUM_BUFFERS screens (at lest 2 for page flipping)
     */
	//NUM_BUFFERS = 2,虚拟屏容纳两个可见屏，虚拟和可见的宽度值不变，高度前者是后者的整数倍
    info.yres_virtual = info.yres * NUM_BUFFERS;


	//设置虚拟显示屏和像素格式
    uint32_t flags = PAGE_FLIP;
    if (ioctl(fd, FBIOPUT_VSCREENINFO, &info) == -1) {
        info.yres_virtual = info.yres;
        flags &= ~PAGE_FLIP;
        ALOGW("FBIOPUT_VSCREENINFO failed, page flipping not supported");
    }

	//若设置完毕后，若虚拟屏的高度小于可见屏的2倍，那么说明帧缓冲区不支持双图形缓冲区
    if (info.yres_virtual < info.yres * 2) {
        // we need at least 2 for page-flipping
        info.yres_virtual = info.yres;
        flags &= ~PAGE_FLIP;
        ALOGW("page flipping not supported (yres_virtual=%d, requested=%d)",
                info.yres_virtual, info.yres*2);
    }

	//设置成功后再次或者fb_var_screen信息
    if (ioctl(fd, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &info) == -1)
        return -errno;

	//计算刷新频率，先计算扫描一帧图形需要的时间
	//每个像素点扫描的时间为pixclock
	//一共有 ( info.upper_margin + info.lower_margin + info.yres ) * ( info.left_margin  + info.right_margin + info.xres ) 个像素点
    uint64_t  refreshQuotient =
    (
            uint64_t( info.upper_margin + info.lower_margin + info.yres )
            * ( info.left_margin  + info.right_margin + info.xres )
            * info.pixclock
    );


    //求倒数得到1s钟能刷新的次数
    /* Beware, info.pixclock might be 0 under emulation, so avoid a
     * division-by-0 here (SIGFPE on ARM) */
    int refreshRate = refreshQuotient > 0 ? (int)(1000000000000000LLU / refreshQuotient) : 0;

	//默认60HZ
    if (refreshRate == 0) {
        // bleagh, bad info from the driver
        refreshRate = 60*1000;  // 60 Hz
    }

	//dpi默认 160
    if (int(info.width) <= 0 || int(info.height) <= 0) {
        // the driver doesn't return that information
        // default to 160 dpi
        info.width  = ((info.xres * 25.4f)/160.0f + 0.5f);
        info.height = ((info.yres * 25.4f)/160.0f + 0.5f);
    }

	//每英寸像素点的个数，刷新频率计算
    float xdpi = (info.xres * 25.4f) / info.width;
    float ydpi = (info.yres * 25.4f) / info.height;
    float fps  = refreshRate / 1000.0f;

    ALOGI(   "using (fd=%d)\n"
            "id           = %s\n"
            "xres         = %d px\n"
            "yres         = %d px\n"
            "xres_virtual = %d px\n"
            "yres_virtual = %d px\n"
            "bpp          = %d\n"
            "r            = %2u:%u\n"
            "g            = %2u:%u\n"
            "b            = %2u:%u\n",
            fd,
            finfo.id,
            info.xres,
            info.yres,
            info.xres_virtual,
            info.yres_virtual,
            info.bits_per_pixel,
            info.red.offset, info.red.length,
            info.green.offset, info.green.length,
            info.blue.offset, info.blue.length
    );

    ALOGI(   "width        = %d mm (%f dpi)\n"
            "height       = %d mm (%f dpi)\n"
            "refresh rate = %.2f Hz\n",
            info.width,  xdpi,
            info.height, ydpi,
            fps
    );


	//获取帧缓冲区的固定信息
    if (ioctl(fd, FBIOGET_FSCREENINFO, &finfo) == -1)
        return -errno;

    if (finfo.smem_len <= 0)
        return -errno;


	//记录到模块中
    module->flags = flags;
    module->info = info;
    module->finfo = finfo;
    module->xdpi = xdpi;
    module->ydpi = ydpi;
    module->fps = fps;

    /*
     * map the framebuffer
     */

	//映射到帧缓冲区到应用程序的虚拟地址空间中
    int err;
	//整个帧缓冲区的大小
    size_t fbSize = roundUpToPageSize(finfo.line_length * info.yres_virtual);
	//分配描述符并记录到模块中，private_handle_t中的framebuffer结构用来描述帧缓冲区
    module->framebuffer = new private_handle_t(dup(fd), fbSize, 0);

	//可以形成多少个图形缓冲区
    module->numBuffers = info.yres_virtual / info.yres;
    module->bufferMask = 0;

	//帧缓冲区的地址映射到虚拟地址空间中
    void* vaddr = mmap(0, fbSize, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
    if (vaddr == MAP_FAILED) {
        ALOGE("Error mapping the framebuffer (%s)", strerror(errno));
        return -errno;
    }
	//private_handle_t中的framebuffer结构中记录帧缓冲区的基址
    module->framebuffer->base = intptr_t(vaddr);
    memset(vaddr, 0, fbSize);
    return 0;
}

static int mapFrameBuffer(struct private_module_t* module)
{
	//针对多线程并发问题加锁
    pthread_mutex_lock(&module->lock);
    int err = mapFrameBufferLocked(module);
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&module->lock);
    return err;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

static int fb_close(struct hw_device_t *dev)
{
    fb_context_t* ctx = (fb_context_t*)dev;
    if (ctx) {
        free(ctx);
    }
    return 0;
}
//fb设备的打开函数
//module : 用来描述模块的
//name   : 打开哪一个fb设备文件
//device : 用来描述设备的
int fb_device_open(hw_module_t const* module, const char* name,
        hw_device_t** device)
{
    int status = -EINVAL;
    if (!strcmp(name, GRALLOC_HARDWARE_FB0)) {
        /* initialize our state here */
		//fb设备的抽象封装结构
        fb_context_t *dev = (fb_context_t*)malloc(sizeof(*dev));
        memset(dev, 0, sizeof(*dev));

        /* initialize the procs */
        dev->device.common.tag = HARDWARE_DEVICE_TAG;
        dev->device.common.version = 0;
        dev->device.common.module = const_cast<hw_module_t*>(module);
        dev->device.common.close = fb_close;
		//两个图形缓冲区渲染到帧缓冲区的间隔实现
        dev->device.setSwapInterval = fb_setSwapInterval;
		//主要用来渲染图形缓冲区
        dev->device.post            = fb_post;
        dev->device.setUpdateRect = 0;

	    //获取帧缓冲区信息，并保存到m中
        private_module_t* m = (private_module_t*)module;
        status = mapFrameBuffer(m);
		//根据帧缓冲区信息来初始化alloc_device_t相关的结构
        if (status >= 0) {
            int stride = m->finfo.line_length / (m->info.bits_per_pixel >> 3);
            int format = (m->info.bits_per_pixel == 32)
                         ? HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888
                         : HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_565;
            const_cast<uint32_t&>(dev->device.flags) = 0;
            const_cast<uint32_t&>(dev->device.width) = m->info.xres;
            const_cast<uint32_t&>(dev->device.height) = m->info.yres;
            const_cast<int&>(dev->device.stride) = stride;
            const_cast<int&>(dev->device.format) = format;
            const_cast<float&>(dev->device.xdpi) = m->xdpi;
            const_cast<float&>(dev->device.ydpi) = m->ydpi;
            const_cast<float&>(dev->device.fps) = m->fps;
            const_cast<int&>(dev->device.minSwapInterval) = 1;
            const_cast<int&>(dev->device.maxSwapInterval) = 1;
            *device = &dev->device.common;
        }
    }
    return status;
}

gralloc模块

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include <limits.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

#include <cutils/log.h>
#include <cutils/atomic.h>

#include <hardware/hardware.h>
#include <hardware/gralloc.h>

#include "gralloc_priv.h"


/* desktop Linux needs a little help with gettid() */
#if defined(ARCH_X86) && !defined(HAVE_ANDROID_OS)
#define __KERNEL__
# include <linux/unistd.h>
pid_t gettid() { return syscall(__NR_gettid);}
#undef __KERNEL__
#endif

/*****************************************************************************/
//图形缓冲区的映射
static int gralloc_map(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        buffer_handle_t handle,
        void** vaddr)
{
    private_handle_t* hnd = (private_handle_t*)handle;
	//在内存中分配的话，需要映射到进程虚拟地址空间中，并需要计算图形缓冲区的在匿名内存中的基地址再返回
    if (!(hnd->flags & private_handle_t::PRIV_FLAGS_FRAMEBUFFER)) {
        size_t size = hnd->size;
        void* mappedAddress = mmap(0, size,
                PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, hnd->fd, 0);
        if (mappedAddress == MAP_FAILED) {
            ALOGE("Could not mmap %s", strerror(errno));
            return -errno;
        }
        hnd->base = intptr_t(mappedAddress) + hnd->offset;
        //ALOGD("gralloc_map() succeeded fd=%d, off=%d, size=%d, vaddr=%p",
        //        hnd->fd, hnd->offset, hnd->size, mappedAddress);
    }
	//在帧缓冲区中分配的话，是不需要计算的，因为在初始化帧缓冲区时已经做了
    *vaddr = (void*)hnd->base;
    return 0;
}

static int gralloc_unmap(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        buffer_handle_t handle)
{
    private_handle_t* hnd = (private_handle_t*)handle;
	//内存中
    if (!(hnd->flags & private_handle_t::PRIV_FLAGS_FRAMEBUFFER)) {
        void* base = (void*)hnd->base;
        size_t size = hnd->size;
        //ALOGD("unmapping from %p, size=%d", base, size);
		//注销图形缓冲区,与上面函数执行过程相反
        if (munmap(base, size) < 0) {
            ALOGE("Could not unmap %s", strerror(errno));
        }
    }
	//帧缓冲区中
    hnd->base = 0;
    return 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************/

static pthread_mutex_t sMapLock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; 

/*****************************************************************************/
// 关键调用gralloc_map
int gralloc_register_buffer(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        buffer_handle_t handle)
{
    if (private_handle_t::validate(handle) < 0)
        return -EINVAL;

    // if this handle was created in this process, then we keep it as is.
    int err = 0;
    private_handle_t* hnd = (private_handle_t*)handle;
    if (hnd->pid != getpid()) {
        void *vaddr;
        err = gralloc_map(module, handle, &vaddr);
    }
    return err;
}

// 关键调用gralloc_unmap
int gralloc_unregister_buffer(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        buffer_handle_t handle)
{
    if (private_handle_t::validate(handle) < 0)
        return -EINVAL;

    // never unmap buffers that were created in this process
    private_handle_t* hnd = (private_handle_t*)handle;
    if (hnd->pid != getpid()) {
        if (hnd->base) {
            gralloc_unmap(module, handle);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int mapBuffer(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        private_handle_t* hnd)
{
    void* vaddr;
    return gralloc_map(module, hnd, &vaddr);
}

int terminateBuffer(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        private_handle_t* hnd)
{
    if (hnd->base) {
        // this buffer was mapped, unmap it now
        gralloc_unmap(module, hnd);
    }

    return 0;
}

//图形缓冲区的锁定
int gralloc_lock(gralloc_module_t const* module,
        buffer_handle_t handle, int usage,
        int l, int t, int w, int h,
        void** vaddr)
{
    // this is called when a buffer is being locked for software
    // access. in thin implementation we have nothing to do since
    // not synchronization with the h/w is needed.
    // typically this is used to wait for the h/w to finish with
    // this buffer if relevant. the data cache may need to be
    // flushed or invalidated depending on the usage bits and the
    // hardware.

    if (private_handle_t::validate(handle) < 0)
        return -EINVAL;

	//检测参数并返回帧缓冲区的基址，锁定操作并没有实现，需要调用者实现
    private_handle_t* hnd = (private_handle_t*)handle;
    *vaddr = (void*)hnd->base;
    return 0;
}


//图形缓冲区的解锁定
int gralloc_unlock(gralloc_module_t const* module, 
        buffer_handle_t handle)
{
    // we're done with a software buffer. nothing to do in this
    // implementation. typically this is used to flush the data cache.

	//解锁操作没实现，交给调用者实现
    if (private_handle_t::validate(handle) < 0)
        return -EINVAL;
    return 0;
}

总结

        经过详细的分析发现，分配图形缓冲区和映射过程是有重叠逻辑的，在分配的过程中就需要做映射操作；还有帧缓冲区初始化时，也会有映射操作。只不过Gralloc模块单独将映射过程封装出来了，即提供register_gralloc_buffer给调用者，用来映射图形缓冲区到进程的虚拟地址空间。

       总体上，Gralloc模块还是提供了这三种抽象功能：分配、映射、渲染。其中gralloc设备打开过程，为调用者返回了gralloc_alloc方法；fb设备打开过程，获取了帧缓冲区的信息、并初始化了虚拟显示屏，同时映射了帧缓冲区，并返回了渲染方法fb_post。而gralloc模块，提供了register_gralloc_buffer方法给调用者用来映射。

参考： http://www.myexception.cn/image/1442367.html