三种通信模型简述:
(1)轮询:
客户端周期性不间断高频率的给服务器发送请求:
客户端请求–服务器响应–断开连接,请求次数QPS比较频繁,对客户端和服务器的配置要求比较高
(2)长轮询:
客户端周期性不间断的给服务器发送请求:
客户端与服务器建立的连接会保持一定时间,因此请求相对不会特别频繁
(3)长连接:
客户端与服务端建立连接后,如果不是特殊原因(客户端主动断开,服务器故障)连接会一直保持
同时通过多线程进行IO多路复用技术解决并发问题
flask中基于gevent-websocket的IO多路复用技术进行长连接通信:
(1)基于gevent-websocket的IO多路复用长连接通信,需要导入一下模块:
#pip install gevent-websocket导入IO多路复用模块
from geventwebsocket.handler import WebSocketHandler #提供WS(websocket)协议处理
from geventwebsocket.server import WSGIServer #websocket服务承载
#WSGIServer导入的就是gevent.pywsgi中的类
# from gevent.pywsgi import WSGIServer
from geventwebsocket.websocket import WebSocket #websocket语法提示
(2)路由视图函数中的处理必须通过request.environ.get(‘wsgi.websocket’)获取与客户端的ws连接client_socket:
#websocket协议通信如下(http请求正常处理即可)
@app.route()
def func():
client_socket=request.environ.get('wsgi.websocket')
while 1:
client_socket.recive()
...
client_socket.send(str)
...
(3)flask项目启动如下:
WSGIServer默认处理的是http请求,路由视图中可以正常使用http,
但是在使用ws协议时务必在视图函数通过request.environ.get(‘wsgi.websocket’)获取与客户端的ws连接client_socket,
通过连接client_socket进行client_socket.recive()/client_socket.send()通信,这连个方法会对字符串自动进行编解码)
http_server=WSGIServer(('192.168.16.14',8888),application=app,handler_class=WebSocketHandler。
http_server.serve_forever()
(4)前端页面使用js进行WS(websocket)请求:
浏览器提供了websocket客户端,直接new创建websocket连接ws,(ws状态码0表示已创建未连接,1表示已连接保持中,2表示客户端主动断开连接,3表示服务端断开连接),通过ws.onmessage=function (MessageEvent){}
监听执行回调函数获取信息MessageEvent.data, 通过ws.send()
发送信息。
<script>
var ws = new WebSocket('ws://192.168.16.14:8888/websocket');
ws.onmessage = function (MessageEvent) {
console.log(MessageEvent);
console.log(MessageEvent.data);
};
function send() {
var msg = document.getElementById('msg').value;
ws.send(msg);
}
</script>
http请求协议和websocket请求协议的请求原数据request.environ和请求头部信息request.headers比较:
http-environ:
{
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'CGI/1.1', 'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'gevent/1.4 Python/3.6',
'SCRIPT_NAME': '', 'wsgi.version': (1, 0),
'wsgi.multithread': False, 'wsgi.multiprocess': False,
'wsgi.run_once': False, 'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http',
'wsgi.errors': <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'>,
'SERVER_NAME': 'PC-Yang', 'SERVER_PORT': '8888', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
'PATH_INFO': '/websocket', 'QUERY_STRING': '', 'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '192.168.16.14', 'REMOTE_PORT': '61539', 'HTTP_HOST': '192.168.16.14:8888',
'HTTP_CONNECTION': 'keep-alive', 'HTTP_PRAGMA': 'no-cache', 'HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL': 'no-cache',
'HTTP_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS': '1',
'HTTP_USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.100 Safari/537.36',
'HTTP_ACCEPT': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3',
'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING': 'gzip, deflate', 'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
'wsgi.input': <gevent.pywsgi.Input object at 0x03A9DC00>,
'wsgi.input_terminated': True, 'werkzeug.request': <Request 'http://192.168.16.14:8888/websocket' [GET]>
}
http-headers:
'''
Host: 192.168.16.14:8888
Connection: keep-alive
Pragma: no-cache
Cache-Control: no-cache
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.100 Safari/537.36
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9
websocket-environ: ‘wsgi.websocket’: <geventwebsocket.websocket.WebSocket object at 0x03A9DC00>,websocket连接
'''
{
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'CGI/1.1', 'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'gevent/1.4 Python/3.6',
'SCRIPT_NAME': '', 'wsgi.version': (1, 0), 'wsgi.multithread': False,
'wsgi.multiprocess': False, 'wsgi.run_once': False, 'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http',
'wsgi.errors': <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'>,
'SERVER_NAME': 'PC-Yang', 'SERVER_PORT': '8888', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
'PATH_INFO': '/websocket', 'QUERY_STRING': '', 'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '192.168.16.14', 'REMOTE_PORT': '61591', 'HTTP_HOST': '192.168.16.14:8888',
'HTTP_CONNECTION': 'Upgrade', 'HTTP_PRAGMA': 'no-cache', 'HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL': 'no-cache',
'HTTP_USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.100 Safari/537.36',
'HTTP_UPGRADE': 'websocket', 'HTTP_ORIGIN': 'http://192.168.16.14:8888', 'HTTP_SEC_WEBSOCKET_VERSION': '13',
'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING': 'gzip, deflate', 'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9',
'HTTP_SEC_WEBSOCKET_KEY': 'Oyfq0MCEBnsypKstjjRvYg==',
'HTTP_SEC_WEBSOCKET_EXTENSIONS': 'permessage-deflate; client_max_window_bits',
'wsgi.input': <gevent.pywsgi.Input object at 0x03A9DCA8>,
'wsgi.input_terminated': True, 'wsgi.websocket_version': '13',
'wsgi.websocket': <geventwebsocket.websocket.WebSocket object at 0x03A9DC00>,
'werkzeug.request': <Request 'http://192.168.16.14:8888/websocket' [GET]>
}
'''
websocket-headers: Upgrade: websocket #websocket请求中的标识
'''
Host: 192.168.16.14:8888
Connection: Upgrade
Pragma: no-cache
Cache-Control: no-cache
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.100 Safari/537.36
Upgrade: websocket #websocket请求中的标识
Origin: http://192.168.16.14:8888
Sec-Websocket-Version: 13
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9
Sec-Websocket-Key: Oyfq0MCEBnsypKstjjRvYg==
Sec-Websocket-Extensions: permessage-deflate; client_max_window_bits
'''
websocket-headers
(1)基于websocket+flask实现的群聊无昵称即时通信
flask_websocket(MUC_Nonick).py
1 '''
2 基于websocket+flask实现的群聊无昵称即时通信
3 设计列表client_list = []来存储客户端与服务器的连接,
4 服务收到任意客户端的信息(信息时),对连接存储列表进行遍历获取每个连接,直接进行转发
5 '''
6 from flask import Flask, render_template, request
7
8 # pip install gevent-websocket导入IO多路复用模块
9 from geventwebsocket.handler import WebSocketHandler # 提供WS(websocket)协议处理
10 from geventwebsocket.server import WSGIServer # websocket服务承载
11 # WSGIServer导入的就是gevent.pywsgi中的类
12 # from gevent.pywsgi import WSGIServer
13 from geventwebsocket.websocket import WebSocket # websocket语法提示
14
15 app = Flask(__name__)
16
17 # @app.route('/websocket')
18 # 多个客户端可以同时给falsk服务端发送ws协议的信息
19 # def websocket():
20 # client_socket=request.environ.get('wsgi.websocket') #type:WebSocket
21 # while 1:
22 # msg_from_cli=client_socket.receive()
23 # print(msg_from_cli)
24 # 多个客户端可以同时给falsk服务端发送ws协议的信息,同时服务端将信息转送到每个客户端页面,实现多人聊天室即时通信
25 client_list = []
26
27
28 @app.route('/websocket')
29 def websocket()