截断和否定 上机操作

转载自：https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ETG_9fiElwWtQYb-JUf6yA

?- [user].

|: p(X):- a(X).

|: p(X):- b(X), c(X), d(X), e(X).

|: p(X):- f(X).

|: a(1).

|: b(1).

|: b(2).

|: c(1).

|: c(2).

|: d(2).

|: e(2).

|: f(3).

|: ^D% user://1 compiled 0.00 sec, 11 clauses

true.

 

?- p(X).

X = 1 ;

X = 2 ;

X = 3.

 

[trace]  ?- p(X).

   Call: (10) p(_8342) ? creep

   Call: (11) a(_8342) ? creep

   Exit: (11) a(1) ? creep

   Exit: (10) p(1) ? creep

X = 1 ;

   Redo: (10) p(_8342) ? creep

   Call: (11) b(_8342) ? creep

   Exit: (11) b(1) ? creep

   Call: (11) c(1) ? creep

   Exit: (11) c(1) ? creep

   Call: (11) d(1) ? creep

   Fail: (11) d(1) ? creep

   Redo: (11) b(_8342) ? creep

   Exit: (11) b(2) ? creep

   Call: (11) c(2) ? creep

   Exit: (11) c(2) ? creep

   Call: (11) d(2) ? creep

   Exit: (11) d(2) ? creep

   Call: (11) e(2) ? creep

   Exit: (11) e(2) ? creep

   Exit: (10) p(2) ? creep

X = 2 ;

   Redo: (10) p(_8342) ? creep

   Call: (11) f(_8342) ? creep

   Exit: (11) f(3) ? creep

   Exit: (10) p(3) ? creep

X = 3.

 

?- [user].

|: p(X):- a(X).

 

Warning: user://2:98:

Warning:    Redefined static procedure p/1

Warning:    Previously defined at user://1:9

|: p(X):- b(X), c(X), !, d(X), e(X).

|: p(X):- f(X).

|: ^D% user://2 compiled 0.00 sec, 3 clauses

true.

 

?- listing(p).

p(A) :-

    a(A).

p(A) :-

    b(A),

    c(A),

    !,

    d(A),

    e(A).

p(A) :-

    f(A).

 

true.

 

?- trace.

true.

[trace]  ?- p(X).

   Call: (10) p(_10668) ? creep

   Call: (11) a(_10668) ? creep

   Exit: (11) a(1) ? creep

   Exit: (10) p(1) ? creep

X = 1 ;

   Redo: (10) p(_10668) ? creep

   Call: (11) b(_10668) ? creep

   Exit: (11) b(1) ? creep

   Call: (11) c(1) ? creep

   Exit: (11) c(1) ? creep

   Call: (11) d(1) ? creep

   Fail: (11) d(1) ? creep

   Fail: (10) p(_10668) ? creep

false.

 

?- [user].

|: s(X,Y):- q(X,Y).

|: s(0,0).

|: q(X,Y):- i(X), j(Y).

|: i(1).

|: i(2).

|: j(1).

|: j(2).

|: j(3).

|: ^D% user://3 compiled 0.00 sec, 8 clauses

true.

 

?- s(X,Y).

X = Y, Y = 1 ;

X = 1,

Y = 2 ;

X = 1,

Y = 3 ;

X = 2,

Y = 1 ;

X = Y, Y = 2 ;

X = 2,

Y = 3 ;

X = Y, Y = 0.

 

?- trace.

true.

 

[trace]  ?- s(X,Y).

   Call: (10) s(_14996, _14998) ? creep

   Call: (11) q(_14996, _14998) ? creep

   Call: (12) i(_14996) ? creep

   Exit: (12) i(1) ? creep

   Call: (12) j(_14998) ? creep

   Exit: (12) j(1) ? creep

   Exit: (11) q(1, 1) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(1, 1) ? creep

X = Y, Y = 1 ;

   Redo: (12) j(_14998) ? creep

   Exit: (12) j(2) ? creep

   Exit: (11) q(1, 2) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(1, 2) ? creep

X = 1,

Y = 2 ;

   Redo: (12) j(_14998) ? creep

   Exit: (12) j(3) ? creep

   Exit: (11) q(1, 3) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(1, 3) ? creep

X = 1,

Y = 3 ;

   Redo: (12) i(_14996) ? creep

   Exit: (12) i(2) ? creep

   Call: (12) j(_14998) ? creep

   Exit: (12) j(1) ? creep

   Exit: (11) q(2, 1) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(2, 1) ? creep

X = 2,

Y = 1 ;

   Redo: (12) j(_14998) ? creep

   Exit: (12) j(2) ? creep

   Exit: (11) q(2, 2) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(2, 2) ? creep

X = Y, Y = 2 ;

   Redo: (12) j(_14998) ? creep

   Exit: (12) j(3) ? creep

   Exit: (11) q(2, 3) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(2, 3) ? creep

X = 2,

Y = 3 ;

   Redo: (10) s(_14996, _14998) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(0, 0) ? creep

X = Y, Y = 0.

 

[trace]  ?- notrace.

true.

 

[debug]  ?- nodebug.

true.

 

?- [user].

|: q(X,Y):- i(X), !, j(Y).

 

Warning: user://4:252:

Warning:    Redefined static procedure q/2

Warning:    Previously defined at user://3:188

|: ^D% user://4 compiled 0.00 sec, 1 clauses

true.

 

?- listing(q).

q(A, B) :-

    i(A),

    !,

    j(B).

 

true.

 

?- trace.

true.

 

[trace]  ?- s(X,Y).

   Call: (10) s(_18488, _18490) ? creep

   Call: (11) q(_18488, _18490) ? creep

   Call: (12) i(_18488) ? creep

   Exit: (12) i(1) ? creep

   Call: (12) j(_18490) ? creep

   Exit: (12) j(1) ? creep

   Exit: (11) q(1, 1) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(1, 1) ? creep

X = Y, Y = 1 ;

   Redo: (12) j(_18490) ? creep

   Exit: (12) j(2) ? creep

   Exit: (11) q(1, 2) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(1, 2) ? creep

X = 1,

Y = 2 ;

   Redo: (12) j(_18490) ? creep

   Exit: (12) j(3) ? creep

   Exit: (11) q(1, 3) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(1, 3) ? creep

X = 1,

Y = 3 ;

   Redo: (10) s(_18488, _18490) ? creep

   Exit: (10) s(0, 0) ? creep

X = Y, Y = 0.

 

//体会下面两段代码

?- [user].

|: max(X,Y,Y):-X=<Y.

|: max(X,Y,X):-X>Y.

|: ^D% user://6 compiled 0.00 sec, 2 clauses

true.

 

?- max(2,3,3).

true ;

false.

 

?- [user].

|: max(X,Y,Y):-X=<Y,!.

 

Warning: user://7:372:

Warning:    Redefined static procedure max/3

Warning:    Previously defined at user://6:362

|: max(X,Y,X):-X>Y.

|: ^D% user://7 compiled 0.00 sec, 2 clauses

true.

 

?- listing(max).

max(B, A, A) :-

    B=<A,

    !.

max(A, B, A) :-

    A>B.

 

true.

 

?- max(2,3,3).

true.

 

// end!

 

?- [user].

|: max(B, A, A) :-

|:     B=<A,

|:     !.

 

Warning: user://8:394:

Warning:    Redefined static procedure max/3

Warning:    Previously defined at user://6:362

|: max(A, B, A).

 

Warning: user://8:401:

Warning:    Singleton variables: [B]

|: ^D% user://8 compiled 0.00 sec, 2 clauses

true.

 

?- listing(max).

max(B, A, A) :-

    B=<A,

    !.

max(A, _, A).

 

true.

 

?- max(100,101,X).

X = 101.

 

?- max(3,2,X).

X = 3.

 

?- max(2,3,2).

true.

 

?- [user].

|: max(X,Y,Z):- X =< Y, !, Y = Z.

 

Warning: user://9:440:

Warning:    Redefined static procedure max/3

Warning:    Previously defined at user://8:394

|: max(X,Y,X).

 

Warning: user://9:445:

Warning:    Singleton variables: [Y]

|: ^D% user://9 compiled 0.00 sec, 2 clauses

true.

 

?- listing(max).

max(A, B, C) :-

    A=<B,

    !,

    B=C.

max(A, _, A).

 

true.

 

?- max(2,3,2).

false.

 

?- trace

|    .

true.

 

[trace]  ?- max(2,3,2).

   Call: (10) max(2, 3, 2) ? creep

   Call: (11) 2=<3 ? creep

   Exit: (11) 2=<3 ? creep

   Call: (11) 3=2 ? creep

   Fail: (11) 3=2 ? creep

   Fail: (10) max(2, 3, 2) ? creep

false.

 

[trace]  ?- notrace.

true.

 

[debug]  ?- nodebug.

true.

 

?- [user].

|: enjoys(vincent,X) :- big_kahuna_burger(X),!,fail.

|: enjoys(vincent,X) :- burger(X).

|: burger(X) :- big_mac(X).

|: burger(X) :- big_kahuna_burger(X).

|: burger(X) :- whopper(X).

|: big_mac(a).

|: big_mac(c).

|: big_kahuna_burger(b).

|: whopper(d).

|: ^D% user://1 compiled 0.00 sec, 9 clauses

true.

 

?- trace.

true.

 

[trace]  ?- enjoys(vincent,a).

   Call: (10) enjoys(vincent, a) ? creep

   Call: (11) big_kahuna_burger(a) ? creep

   Fail: (11) big_kahuna_burger(a) ? creep

   Redo: (10) enjoys(vincent, a) ? creep

   Call: (11) burger(a) ? creep

   Call: (12) big_mac(a) ? creep

   Exit: (12) big_mac(a) ? creep

   Exit: (11) burger(a) ? creep

   Exit: (10) enjoys(vincent, a) ? creep

true .

 

[trace]  ?- enjoys(vincent,b).

   Call: (10) enjoys(vincent, b) ? creep

   Call: (11) big_kahuna_burger(b) ? creep

   Exit: (11) big_kahuna_burger(b) ? creep

   Call: (11) fail ? creep

   Fail: (11) fail ? creep

   Fail: (10) enjoys(vincent, b) ? creep

false.

 

[trace]  ?- enjoys(vincent,c).

   Call: (10) enjoys(vincent, c) ? creep

   Call: (11) big_kahuna_burger(c) ? creep

   Fail: (11) big_kahuna_burger(c) ? creep

   Redo: (10) enjoys(vincent, c) ? creep

   Call: (11) burger(c) ? creep

   Call: (12) big_mac(c) ? creep

   Exit: (12) big_mac(c) ? creep

   Exit: (11) burger(c) ? creep

   Exit: (10) enjoys(vincent, c) ? creep

true .

 

[trace]  ?- enjoys(vincent,d).

   Call: (10) enjoys(vincent, d) ? creep

   Call: (11) big_kahuna_burger(d) ? creep

   Fail: (11) big_kahuna_burger(d) ? creep

   Redo: (10) enjoys(vincent, d) ? creep

   Call: (11) burger(d) ? creep

   Call: (12) big_mac(d) ? creep

   Fail: (12) big_mac(d) ? creep

   Redo: (11) burger(d) ? creep

   Call: (12) big_kahuna_burger(d) ? creep

   Fail: (12) big_kahuna_burger(d) ? creep

   Redo: (11) burger(d) ? creep

   Call: (12) whopper(d) ? creep

   Exit: (12) whopper(d) ? creep

   Exit: (11) burger(d) ? creep

   Exit: (10) enjoys(vincent, d) ? creep

true.

 

?- [user].

|: enjoys(vincent, A) :-

|:     burger(A).

 

Warning: user://4:164:

Warning:    Redefined static procedure enjoys/2

Warning:    Previously defined at user://3:115

|: enjoys(vincent, A) :-

|:     big_kahuna_burger(A),

|:     !,fail.

|: ^D% user://4 compiled 0.00 sec, 2 clauses

true.

 

?- listing(enjoys).

enjoys(vincent, A) :-

    burger(A).

enjoys(vincent, A) :-

    big_kahuna_burger(A),

    !,

    fail.

 

true.

 

?- trace.

true.

 

[trace]  ?- enjoys(vincent,a).

   Call: (10) enjoys(vincent, a) ? creep

   Call: (11) burger(a) ? creep

   Call: (12) big_mac(a) ? creep

   Exit: (12) big_mac(a) ? creep

   Exit: (11) burger(a) ? creep

   Exit: (10) enjoys(vincent, a) ? creep

true .

 

[trace]  ?- enjoys(vincent,b).

   Call: (10) enjoys(vincent, b) ? creep

   Call: (11) burger(b) ? creep

   Call: (12) big_mac(b) ? creep

   Fail: (12) big_mac(b) ? creep

   Redo: (11) burger(b) ? creep

   Call: (12) big_kahuna_burger(b) ? creep

   Exit: (12) big_kahuna_burger(b) ? creep

   Exit: (11) burger(b) ? creep

   Exit: (10) enjoys(vincent, b) ? creep

true .

 

?- [user].

|: enjoys(vincent,X) :- burger(X),

|: \+ big_kahuna_burger(X).

|: burger(X) :- big_mac(X).

|: burger(X) :- big_kahuna_burger(X).

|: burger(X) :- whopper(X).

|: big_mac(a).

|: big_mac(c).

|: big_kahuna_burger(b).

|: whopper(d).

|: ^D% user://1 compiled 0.00 sec, 8 clauses

true.

 

?- enjoys(vincent,X).

X = a ;

X = c ;

X = d.

 

?- [user].

|: enjoys(vincent,X) :- \+ big_kahuna_burger(X), burger(X).

 

Warning: user://3:71:

Warning:    Redefined static procedure enjoys/2

Warning:    Previously defined at user://1:9

|: ^D% user://3 compiled 0.00 sec, 1 clauses

true.

 

?- listing(enjoys).

enjoys(vincent, A) :-

    \+ big_kahuna_burger(A),

    burger(A).

 

true.

 

?- enjoys(vincent,X).

false.

 

练习

// 10-1

?- [user].

|: p(1).

|: p(2) :- !.

|: p(3).

|: ^D% user://4 compiled 0.00 sec, 3 clauses

true.

 

?- p(X).

X = 1 ;

X = 2.

 

?- p(X),p(Y).

X = Y, Y = 1 ;

X = 1,

Y = 2 ;

X = 2,

Y = 1 ;

X = Y, Y = 2.

 

?- p(X),!,p(Y).

X = Y, Y = 1 ;

X = 1,

Y = 2.

 

//10-2

原始程序告诉数字是正数，零还有负数。它使用三个子句来做到这一点。但是，如果这三个子句之一成功解决了一个目标，则其他子句将不适用。因此，我们可以添加绿色切口：

class(Number,positive):- Number > 0, !.

class(0,zero):- !.

class(Number,negative):- Number < 0, !.

 

 

//10-3

//不使用截断

?- [user].

|: split([],[],[]).

|: split([Number|L],[Number|Pos],Neg):-

|: Number >= 0,

|: split(L,Pos,Neg).

|: split([Number|L],Pos,[Number|Neg]):-

|: Number < 0,

|: split(L,Pos,Neg).

|: ^D% user://1 compiled 0.01 sec, 3 clauses

true.

 

?-  listing(split).

split([], [], []).

split([A|B], [A|C], D) :-

    A>=0,

    split(B, C, D).

split([A|B], C, [A|D]) :-

    A<0,

    split(B, C, D).

 

true.

 

?- split([3,4,-5,-1,0,4,-9],P,N).

P = [3, 4, 0, 4],

N = [-5, -1, -9] .

 

//使用截断

?- [user].

|: split([],[],[]):- !.

|: split([Number|L],[Number|Pos],Neg):-

|: Number > 0, !,

|: split(L,Pos,Neg).

|: split([Number|L],[Number|Pos],Neg):-

|: Number = 0, !,

|: split(L,Pos,Neg).

|: split([Number|L],Pos,[Number|Neg]):-

|: Number < 0, !,

|: split(L,Pos,Neg).

|: ^D% user://2 compiled 0.01 sec, 4 clauses

true.

 

?- listing(split).

split([], [], []) :-

    !.

split([A|B], [A|C], D) :-

    A>0,

    !,

    split(B, C, D).

split([A|B], [A|C], D) :-

    A=0,

    !,

    split(B, C, D).

split([A|B], C, [A|D]) :-

    A<0,

    !,

    split(B, C, D).

 

true.

 

?- split([3,4,-5,-1,0,4,-9],P,N).

P = [3, 4, 0, 4],

N = [-5, -1, -9].

 

//10-4

?- [user].

|: directTrain(saarbruecken,dudweiler).

|: directTrain(forbach,saarbruecken).

|: directTrain(freyming,forbach).

|: directTrain(stAvold,freyming).

|: directTrain(fahlquemont,stAvold).

|: directTrain(metz,fahlquemont).

|: directTrain(nancy,metz).

|: trainConnection(A,B):- directTrain(A,B).

|: trainConnection(A,B):- directTrain(B,A).

|: route(A,B,Route):-

|: route(B,A,[B],Route).

|: route(A,B,Route,[B|Route]):-

|: trainConnection(A,B),

|: \+ member(B,Route).

|: route(A,C,SoFar,Route):-

|: trainConnection(A,B),

|: \+ member(B,SoFar),

|: route(B,C,[B|SoFar],Route).

|: ^D% user://3 compiled 0.00 sec, 12 clauses

true.

 

?- route(forbach,metz,Route).

Route = [forbach, freyming, stAvold, fahlquemont, metz] .

 

//10-5

jealous(X,Y):- loves(X,Z), loves(Y,Z).

 

按实践环节的要求完成操作！