RSA
这种算法1978年就出现了,它是第一个既能用于数据加密也能用于数字签名的算法。它易于理解和操作,也很流行。算法的名字以发明者的名字命名:Ron Rivest, AdiShamir 和Leonard Adleman。
这种加密算法的特点主要是密钥的变化,上文我们看到DES只有一个密钥。相当于只有一把钥匙,如果这把钥匙丢了,数据也就不安全了。RSA同时有两把钥匙,公钥与私钥。同时支持数字签名。数字签名的意义在于,对传输过来的数据进行校验。确保数据在传输工程中不被修改。
流程分析:
- 甲方构建密钥对儿,将公钥公布给乙方,将私钥保留。
- 甲方使用私钥加密数据,然后用私钥对加密后的数据签名,发送给乙方签名以及加密后的数据;乙方使用公钥、签名来验证待解密数据是否有效,如果有效使用公钥对数据解密。
- 乙方使用公钥加密数据,向甲方发送经过加密后的数据;甲方获得加密数据,通过私钥解密。
按如上步骤给出序列图,如下:
通过java代码实现如下:Coder类见 Java加密技术(一)
- import java.security.Key;
- import java.security.KeyFactory;
- import java.security.KeyPair;
- import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
- import java.security.PrivateKey;
- import java.security.PublicKey;
- import java.security.Signature;
- import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
- import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
- import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
- import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
- import java.util.HashMap;
- import java.util.Map;
- import javax.crypto.Cipher;
- /**
- * RSA安全编码组件
- *
- * @author 梁栋
- * @version 1.0
- * @since 1.0
- */
- public abstract class RSACoder extends Coder {
- public static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "RSA";
- public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA";
- private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "RSAPublicKey";
- private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "RSAPrivateKey";
- /**
- * 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
- *
- * @param data
- * 加密数据
- * @param privateKey
- * 私钥
- *
- * @return
- * @throws Exception
- */
- public static String sign(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception {
- // 解密由base64编码的私钥
- byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey);
- // 构造PKCS8EncodedKeySpec对象
- PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
- // KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法
- KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
- // 取私钥匙对象
- PrivateKey priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
- // 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
- Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
- signature.initSign(priKey);
- signature.update(data);
- return encryptBASE64(signature.sign());
- }
- /**
- * 校验数字签名
- *
- * @param data
- * 加密数据
- * @param publicKey
- * 公钥
- * @param sign
- * 数字签名
- *
- * @return 校验成功返回true 失败返回false
- * @throws Exception
- *
- */
- public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String publicKey, String sign)
- throws Exception {
- // 解密由base64编码的公钥
- byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey);
- // 构造X509EncodedKeySpec对象
- X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
- // KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法
- KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
- // 取公钥匙对象
- PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);
- Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
- signature.initVerify(pubKey);
- signature.update(data);
- // 验证签名是否正常
- return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign));
- }
- /**
- * 解密<br>
- * 用私钥解密
- *
- * @param data
- * @param key
- * @return
- * @throws Exception
- */
- public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)
- throws Exception {
- // 对密钥解密
- byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
- // 取得私钥
- PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
- KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
- Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
- // 对数据解密
- Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
- cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(data);
- }
- /**
- * 解密<br>
- * 用公钥解密
- *
- * @param data
- * @param key
- * @return
- * @throws Exception
- */
- public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)
- throws Exception {
- // 对密钥解密
- byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
- // 取得公钥
- X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
- KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
- Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
- // 对数据解密
- Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
- cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(data);
- }
- /**
- * 加密<br>
- * 用公钥加密
- *
- * @param data
- * @param key
- * @return
- * @throws Exception
- */
- public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)
- throws Exception {
- // 对公钥解密
- byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
- // 取得公钥
- X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
- KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
- Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
- // 对数据加密
- Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
- cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(data);
- }
- /**
- * 加密<br>
- * 用私钥加密
- *
- * @param data
- * @param key
- * @return
- * @throws Exception
- */
- public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)
- throws Exception {
- // 对密钥解密
- byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
- // 取得私钥
- PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
- KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
- Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
- // 对数据加密
- Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
- cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
- return cipher.doFinal(data);
- }
- /**
- * 取得私钥
- *
- * @param keyMap
- * @return
- * @throws Exception
- */
- public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
- throws Exception {
- Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY);
- return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
- }
- /**
- * 取得公钥
- *
- * @param keyMap
- * @return
- * @throws Exception
- */
- public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
- throws Exception {
- Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY);
- return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
- }
- /**
- * 初始化密钥
- *
- * @return
- * @throws Exception
- */
- public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception {
- KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator
- .getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
- keyPairGen.initialize(1024);
- KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
- // 公钥
- RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
- // 私钥
- RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
- Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
- keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey);
- keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey);
- return keyMap;
- }
- }
再给出一个测试类:
- import static org.junit.Assert.*;
- import org.junit.Before;
- import org.junit.Test;
- import java.util.Map;
- /**
- *
- * @author 梁栋
- * @version 1.0
- * @since 1.0
- */
- public class RSACoderTest {
- private String publicKey;
- private String privateKey;
- @Before
- public void setUp() throws Exception {
- Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSACoder.initKey();
- publicKey = RSACoder.getPublicKey(keyMap);
- privateKey = RSACoder.getPrivateKey(keyMap);
- System.err.println("公钥: \n\r" + publicKey);
- System.err.println("私钥: \n\r" + privateKey);
- }
- @Test
- public void test() throws Exception {
- System.err.println("公钥加密——私钥解密");
- String inputStr = "abc";
- byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();
- byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, publicKey);
- byte[] decodedData = RSACoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encodedData,
- privateKey);
- String outputStr = new String(decodedData);
- System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);
- assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);
- }
- @Test
- public void testSign() throws Exception {
- System.err.println("私钥加密——公钥解密");
- String inputStr = "sign";
- byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();
- byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, privateKey);
- byte[] decodedData = RSACoder
- .decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, publicKey);
- String outputStr = new String(decodedData);
- System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);
- assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);
- System.err.println("私钥签名——公钥验证签名");
- // 产生签名
- String sign = RSACoder.sign(encodedData, privateKey);
- System.err.println("签名:\r" + sign);
- // 验证签名
- boolean status = RSACoder.verify(encodedData, publicKey, sign);
- System.err.println("状态:\r" + status);
- assertTrue(status);
- }
- }
控制台输出:
- 公钥:
- MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCYU/+I0+z1aBl5X6DUUOHQ7FZpmBSDbKTtx89J
- EcB64jFCkunELT8qiKly7fzEqD03g8ALlu5XvX+bBqHFy7YPJJP0ekE2X3wjUnh2NxlqpH3/B/xm
- 1ZdSlCwDIkbijhBVDjA/bu5BObhZqQmDwIxlQInL9oVz+o6FbAZCyHBd7wIDAQAB
- 私钥:
- MIICdgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAmAwggJcAgEAAoGBAJhT/4jT7PVoGXlfoNRQ4dDsVmmY
- FINspO3Hz0kRwHriMUKS6cQtPyqIqXLt/MSoPTeDwAuW7le9f5sGocXLtg8kk/R6QTZffCNSeHY3
- GWqkff8H/GbVl1KULAMiRuKOEFUOMD9u7kE5uFmpCYPAjGVAicv2hXP6joVsBkLIcF3vAgMBAAEC
- gYBvZHWoZHmS2EZQqKqeuGr58eobG9hcZzWQoJ4nq/CarBAjw/VovUHE490uK3S9ht4FW7Yzg3LV
- /MB06Huifh6qf/X9NQA7SeZRRC8gnCQk6JuDIEVJOud5jU+9tyumJakDKodQ3Jf2zQtNr+5ZdEPl
- uwWgv9c4kmpjhAdyMuQmYQJBANn6pcgvyYaia52dnu+yBUsGkaFfwXkzFSExIbi0MXTkhEb/ER/D
- rLytukkUu5S5ecz/KBa8U4xIslZDYQbLz5ECQQCy5dutt7RsxN4+dxCWn0/1FrkWl2G329Ucewm3
- QU9CKu4D+7Kqdj+Ha3lXP8F0Etaaapi7+EfkRUpukn2ItZV/AkEAlk+I0iphxT1rCB0Q5CjWDY5S
- Df2B5JmdEG5Y2o0nLXwG2w44OLct/k2uD4cEcuITY5Dvi/4BftMCZwm/dnhEgQJACIktJSnJwxLV
- o9dchENPtlsCM9C/Sd2EWpqISSUlmfugZbJBwR5pQ5XeMUqKeXZYpP+HEBj1nS+tMH9u2/IGEwJA
- fL8mZiZXan/oBKrblAbplNcKWGRVD/3y65042PAEeghahlJMiYquV5DzZajuuT0wbJ5xQuZB01+X
- nfpFpBJ2dw==
- 公钥加密——私钥解密
- 加密前: abc
- 解密后: abc
- 公钥:
- MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDdOj40yEB48XqWxmPILmJAc7UecIN7F32etSHF
- 9rwbuEh3+iTPOGSxhoSQpOED0vOb0ZIMkBXZSgsxLaBSin2RZ09YKWRjtpCA0kDkiD11gj4tzTiM
- l9qq1kwSK7ZkGAgodEn3yIILVmQDuEImHOXFtulvJ71ka07u3LuwUNdB/wIDAQAB
- 私钥:
- MIICdwIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAmEwggJdAgEAAoGBAN06PjTIQHjxepbGY8guYkBztR5w
- g3sXfZ61IcX2vBu4SHf6JM84ZLGGhJCk4QPS85vRkgyQFdlKCzEtoFKKfZFnT1gpZGO2kIDSQOSI
- PXWCPi3NOIyX2qrWTBIrtmQYCCh0SffIggtWZAO4QiYc5cW26W8nvWRrTu7cu7BQ10H/AgMBAAEC
- gYEAz2JWBizjI31bqhP4XiP9PuY5F3vqBW4T+L9cFbQiyumKJc58yzTWUAUGKIIn3enXLG7dNqGr
- mbJro4JeFIJ3CiVDpXR9+FluIgI4SXm7ioGKF2NOMA9LR5Fu82W+pLfpTN2y2SaLYWEDZyp53BxY
- j9gUxaxi1MQs+C1ZgDF2xmECQQDy70bQntbRfysP+ppCtd56YRnES1Tyekw0wryS2tr+ivQJl7JF
- gp5rPAOXpgrq36xHDwUspQ0sJ0vj0O7ywxr1AkEA6SAaLhrJJrYucC0jxwAhUYyaPN+aOsWymaRh
- 9jA/Wc0wp29SbGTh5CcMuGpXm1g0M+FKW3dGiHgS3rVUKim4owJAbnxgapUzAgiiHxxMeDaavnHW
- 9C2GrtjsO7qtZOTgYI/1uT8itvZW8lJTF+9OW8/qXE76fXl7ai9dFnl5kzMk2QJBALfHz/vCsArt
- mkRiwY6zApE4Z6tPl1V33ymSVovvUzHnOdD1SKQdD5t+UV/crb3QVi8ED0t2B0u0ZSPfDT/D7kMC
- QDpwdj9k2F5aokLHBHUNJPFDAp7a5QMaT64gv/d48ITJ68Co+v5WzLMpzJBYXK6PAtqIhxbuPEc2
- I2k1Afmrwyw=
- 私钥加密——公钥解密
- 加密前: sign
- 解密后: sign
- 私钥签名——公钥验证签名
- 签名:
- ud1RsIwmSC1pN22I4IXteg1VD2FbiehKUfNxgVSHzvQNIK+d20FCkHCqh9djP3h94iWnIUY0ifU+
- mbJkhAl/i5krExOE0hknOnPMcEP+lZV1RbJI2zG2YooSp2XDleqrQk5e/QF2Mx0Zxt8Xsg7ucVpn
- i3wwbYWs9wSzIf0UjlM=
- 状态:
- true
简要总结一下,使用公钥加密、私钥解密,完成了乙方到甲方的一次数据传递,通过私钥加密、公钥解密,同时通过私钥签名、公钥验证签名,完成了一次甲方到乙方的数据传递与验证,两次数据传递完成一整套的数据交互!
类似数字签名,数字信封是这样描述的:
数字信封
数字信封用加密技术来保证只有特定的收信人才能阅读信的内容。
流程:
信息发送方采用对称密钥来加密信息,然后再用接收方的公钥来加密此对称密钥(这部分称为数字信封),再将它和信息一起发送给接收方;接收方先用相应的私钥打开数字信封,得到对称密钥,然后使用对称密钥再解开信息。