条款6 若不想使用编译器自动生成的函数, 就该明确拒绝
在C++中,编译器会自动生成一些函数,例如默认的构造函数、拷贝构造函数、赋值运算符等。这些函数通常用于创建对象、初始化对象和实现对象之间的值传递。
然而,在某些情况下,开发者可能希望禁用这些自动生成的函数,而使用自己编写的函数。例如,当一个类有特殊的初始化逻辑时,开发者可能希望禁用默认构造函数,而使用一个自定义的构造函数。
要拒绝编译器自动生成的函数,需要在类定义中使用= delete关键字。例如:
如:
template<typename T>
class NamedObject{
public:
NamedObject(const char *name, const T&value):nameValue(name),objectValue(value){}
NamedObject(const string &name, const T&value):nameValue(name),objectValue(value){}
NamedObject()=delete;
NamedObject & operator=(const NamedObject &obj) = delete;
private:
string nameValue;
T objectValue;
};
条款7 为多态基类声明virtual 析构函数
在C++中,当一个类继承自一个基类时,如果基类有一个或多个虚函数,那么派生类中的同名函数必须为虚函数。这是为了确保基类和派生类之间的对象能够正确地销毁。
要为多态基类声明virtual 析构函数,需要在基类中添加一个名为~virtualDtor的析构函数,并使用virtual关键字。
基类析构函数没有声明为virtual, 产生泄漏, 如:
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
namespace experiment1{
class TimeKeeper1{
public:
TimeKeeper1() = default;
~TimeKeeper1() = default;
};
class AtomicClock: public TimeKeeper1{
};
class WaterClock: public TimeKeeper1{
public:
WaterClock(){
m_msg = (char *)malloc(10);
memset(m_msg, 0, sizeof(m_msg));
}
~WaterClock(){
if(m_msg != NULL){
free(m_msg);
}
}
private:
char *m_msg;
};
class WristWatch : public TimeKeeper1{
};
TimeKeeper1 * getTimeKeeper(){
TimeKeeper1 * ptk = new WaterClock();
return ptk;
}
void test1(){
TimeKeeper1 *ptk = getTimeKeeper();
delete ptk;
}
}
int main(){
experiment1::test1();
return 0;
}
编译之后, 使用valgrind 查看
g++ -g test07.cpp -o test
valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=yes --log-file=trace.log ./test
vi trace.log
1 ==248== Memcheck, a memory error detector
2 ==248== Copyright (C) 2002-2022, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
3 ==248== Using Valgrind-3.19.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
4 ==248== Command: ./test
5 ==248== Parent PID: 8
6 ==248==
7 ==248== error calling PR_SET_PTRACER, vgdb might block
8 ==248==
9 ==248== HEAP SUMMARY:
10 ==248== in use at exit: 10 bytes in 1 blocks
11 ==248== total heap usage: 3 allocs, 2 frees, 72,722 bytes allocated
12 ==248==
13 ==248== 10 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1
14 ==248== at 0x483C855: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:381)
15 ==248== by 0x1092DB: experiment1::WaterClock::WaterClock() (test07.cpp:22)
16 ==248== by 0x10920A: experiment1::getTimeKeeper() (test07.cpp:39)
17 ==248== by 0x10922A: experiment1::test1() (test07.cpp:45)
18 ==248== by 0x109254: main (test07.cpp:51)
19 ==248==
20 ==248== LEAK SUMMARY:
21 ==248== definitely lost: 10 bytes in 1 blocks
22 ==248== indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
23 ==248== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
24 ==248== still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
25 ==248== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
26 ==248==
27 ==248== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
28 ==248== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
通过 valgrind 看出, m_msg = (char *)malloc(10); 申请的内存没有被释放。
原因: 通过GetTimeKeeper 返回的指针是一个基类指针,销毁基类指针则会取基类的部分(调用基类的析构函数)
官方: C++明白指出,当derived class对象经由一个base class指针被删除,而其base class带一个 non-virtual函数
其结果就是未定义-实际执行下来发生的就是对象的 derived 成分没被销毁
解决: 给base class 设置一个 virtual 析构函数即可
~TimeKeeper1() = default; 添加上virtual 再次查看
==264== Memcheck, a memory error detector
2 ==264== Copyright (C) 2002-2022, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
3 ==264== Using Valgrind-3.19.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
4 ==264== Command: ./test
5 ==264== Parent PID: 8
6 ==264==
7 ==264== error calling PR_SET_PTRACER, vgdb might block
8 ==264==
9 ==264== HEAP SUMMARY:
10 ==264== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
11 ==264== total heap usage: 3 allocs, 3 frees, 72,730 bytes allocated
12 ==264==
13 ==264== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
14 ==264==
15 ==264== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s
16 ==264== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
通过valgrind检测 m_msg = (char *)malloc(10)申请的内容得以释放。
任何 class 带有virtual函数都几乎确定应该有一个 virtual 析构函数,
没有理由地把所有 class 的析构函数设置为 virtual的行为是错误的。
namespace experiment2 {
// 设置虚函数的目的是为了能实现多态,因此可以肯定有派生类的存在。
//如下所示,我们随意在一个class将其析构函数设置为 virtual,
/*virtual的声明会使得 Point的结构膨胀,安插指向虚函数表的 vptr
* (32bit计算机体系Point空间为 64bits,因为 vptr的存在变为 96bits)
*/
class Point1 {
private:
int x_;
int y_;
public:
Point1(int xcoord, int ycoord) {
};
~Point1() {
};
};
class Point2 {
private:
int x_;
int y_;
public:
Point2(int xcoord, int ycoord) {
};
virtual ~Point2() {
};
};
}
int main(){
using namespace experiment2;
Point1 pt1(1,2);
Point2 pt2(1,2);
cout<<"pt1 size:"<<sizeof(pt1)<<endl;
cout<<"pt2 size:"<<sizeof(pt2)<<endl;
return 0;
}
编译执行结果:
src$ g++ -g test07.cpp -o test
src$ ./test
pt1 size:8
pt2 size:16