Dubbo传输层及交换层实现

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前言

Apache Dubbo 是一款高性能的 Java RPC 框架,主要用于构建分布式服务。Dubbo 的架构设计包括多个层次,其中传输层交换层是非常重要的两个组成部分。

其中传输层Transport)只负责对二进制数据的收发,交换层Exchange)负责对Dubbo协议的编解码,然后调用Transport层的接口收发数据,其大致流程如下所示:

在介绍DubboChannelChannelHandler之前,我们先看一下Netty的框架设计。

Netty中的Channel是对网络Socket的封装,通过Channel可以和网络对端进行数据的收发。在数据收发的过程中,会经过入站和出站的ChannelHandler处理。通常来说在连接建立/数据发送/数据接收等阶段,在ChannelHandler会产生对应的事件回调。这样ChannelHandler可以根据事件的类型,执行具体的处理逻辑。

Dubbo的网络层也是参考了Netty的设计,重新定义了ChannelChannelHandler,下面我们依次看一下其类之间的关系及骨架代码实现。

1. Channel

 Dubbo 中,最终的 Channel 由底层的通信框架实现。常见的 Channel 实现包括 NettyChannelMinaChannel 等,它们分别基于 Netty  Apache MINA 框架来实现底层的网络传输。从继承关系可以看出,Channel 继承了Endpoint接口,Endpoint 是对一个网络节点的抽象,有着数据收发,获取DubboURL的能力。而ChannelEndpoint的基础上,又增加了属性存取的方法。

public interface Endpoint {

  /**   * get url.   */  URL getUrl();

  /**   * get channel handler.   */  ChannelHandler getChannelHandler();

  /**   * get local address.   */  InetSocketAddress getLocalAddress();

  /**   * send message.   */  void send(Object message) throws RemotingException;

  /**   * send message.   * @param sent  是否已发送完成   */  void send(Object message, boolean sent) throws RemotingException;

  /**   * close the channel.   */  void close();

  /**   * Graceful close the channel.   */  void close(int timeout);

  /**   * is closed.   */  boolean isClosed();

}

public interface Channel extends Endpoint {

  /**   * get remote address.   */  InetSocketAddress getRemoteAddress();

  /**   * is connected.   */  boolean isConnected();

  /**   * has attribute.   */  boolean hasAttribute(String key);

  /**   * get attribute.   */  Object getAttribute(String key);

  /**   * set attribute.   */  void setAttribute(String key, Object value);

  /**   * remove attribute.   */  void removeAttribute(String key);

}

对于AbstractChannel,其实现了Channel接口之外,又继承了AbstractPeerAbstractChannel类本身并没有逻辑性的代码。下面我们看下AbstractPeer的实现:

private final ChannelHandler handler;private volatile URL url;private volatile boolean closed;

public AbstractPeer(URL url, ChannelHandler handler) {  if (url == null) {    throw new IllegalArgumentException("url == null");  }  if (handler == null) {    throw new IllegalArgumentException("handler == null");  }  this.url = url;  this.handler = handler;}

AbstractPeer 封装了网络传输层的细节,提供了与远程节点的连接、关闭连接和数据传输等功能。是后面将要谈到的Server/Client的抽象父类,从上面的属性可以看出其有着ChannelHandlerURL。下面我们看下NettyChannel的实现:

private static final ConcurrentMap<org.jboss.netty.channel.Channel, NettyChannel> channelMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<org.jboss.netty.channel.Channel, NettyChannel>();private final org.jboss.netty.channel.Channel channel;private final Map<String, Object> attributes = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Object>();

private NettyChannel(org.jboss.netty.channel.Channel channel, URL url, ChannelHandler handler) {  super(url, handler);  if (channel == null) {    throw new IllegalArgumentException("netty channel == null;");  } this.channel = channel;}

首先NettyChannel有个static的变量,里面保存着NettyChannel到自身对象的映射Map,然后就是组合了NettyChannel和当前DubboChannel属性的attributes。也就是说,DubboChannel通过组合通信框架(如Netty)的Channel,来实现自身通信的功能。

2. ChannelHandler

对于ChannelHandler,从名字上就可以看出,是对Channel上产生的一系列事件,所产生的事件回调触发。这个我们可以类比NettyChannelHandler,下面看下DubboChannelHandler定义:

public interface ChannelHandler {

  /**   * on channel connected.   */  void connected(Channel channel) throws RemotingException;

  /**   * on channel disconnected.   */  void disconnected(Channel channel) throws RemotingException;

  /**   * on message sent.   */  void sent(Channel channel, Object message) throws RemotingException;

  /**   * on message received.   */  void received(Channel channel, Object message) throws RemotingException;

  /**   * on exception caught.   */  void caught(Channel channel, Throwable exception) throws RemotingException;

}

从接口声明可以看出,当有连接建立或断开,数据接收或发送等网络事件触发时,会回调ChannelHandler的对应的方法,让调用方执行相应的业务逻辑。

对于ChannelHandler而言下面主要分2个方面讲述:基于ChannelHandler所形成的ServerClient  ChannelHandler触发的执行模式

2.1 ServerClient

从上图可以看出,AbstractPeer具有Endpoint(网络节点)和ChannelHandler(网络事件回调)的能力。在AbstractPeer的基础上,AbstractEndpoint又增加了编码器和重置超时时间的能力。其核心代码如下所示:

private Codec codec;private int timeout;private int connectTimeout;

public AbstractEndpoint(URL url, ChannelHandler handler) {  super(url, handler);  this.codec = ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(Codec.class).getExtension(url.getParameter(Constants.CODEC_KEY, "telnet"));  this.timeout = url.getPositiveIntParameter(Constants.TIMEOUT_KEY, Constants.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);  this.connectTimeout = url.getPositiveIntParameter(Constants.CONNECT_TIMEOUT_KEY, timeout);}

对于Server端,我们看下AbstractServer所实现的一个接口Server

public interface Server extends Endpoint, Resetable {

  /**   * is bound.   */  boolean isBound();

  /**   * get channels.   */  Collection<Channel> getChannels();

  /**   * get channel.   */  Channel getChannel(InetSocketAddress remoteAddress);

}

除了网络节点和网络事件处理的能力之外,在Server接口上又增加了,获取连接到服务端的所有Channel,和根据IP获取对应的Channel等。对于Server这条线,我们下面看下AbstractServer的实现:

ExecutorService executor;private InetSocketAddress localAddress;private InetSocketAddress bindAddress;// 最大连接数private int accepts;private int idleTimeout = 600; //600 seconds

public AbstractServer(URL url, ChannelHandler handler) throws RemotingException {  super(url, handler);  localAddress = getUrl().toInetSocketAddress();

  String bindIp = getUrl().getParameter(Constants.BIND_IP_KEY, getUrl().getHost());  int bindPort = getUrl().getParameter(Constants.BIND_PORT_KEY, getUrl().getPort());  if (url.getParameter(Constants.ANYHOST_KEY, false) || NetUtils.isInvalidLocalHost(bindIp)) {    bindIp = NetUtils.ANYHOST;  }  bindAddress = new InetSocketAddress(bindIp, bindPort);  this.accepts = url.getParameter(Constants.ACCEPTS_KEY, Constants.DEFAULT_ACCEPTS);  this.idleTimeout = url.getParameter(Constants.IDLE_TIMEOUT_KEY, Constants.DEFAULT_IDLE_TIMEOUT);  try {      // 开启服务, 监听端口    doOpen();    if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {      logger.info("Start " + getClass().getSimpleName() + " bind " + getBindAddress() + ", export " + getLocalAddress());    }  } catch (Throwable t) {    throw new RemotingException(url.toInetSocketAddress(), null, "Failed to bind " + getClass().getSimpleName()        + " on " + getLocalAddress() + ", cause: " + t.getMessage(), t);  }  //fixme replace this with better method  DataStore dataStore = ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(DataStore.class).getDefaultExtension();  executor = (ExecutorService) dataStore.get(Constants.EXECUTOR_SERVICE_COMPONENT_KEY, Integer.toString(url.getPort()));}

AbstractServer的核心代码可以看出,抽象类提供了创建的模板方法,其中包含了回调子类的doOpen(),去完成一个真正的端口监听。从属性上看,上面有服务端限制连接的最大数accepts和绑定的IP等信息。再往下走,就到了具体的实现类了。我们看一下Netty4的实现(dubbo 2.6.0:

private Map<String, Channel> channels; // <ip:port, channel>private ServerBootstrap bootstrap;private io.netty.channel.Channel channel;private EventLoopGroup bossGroup;private EventLoopGroup workerGroup;

public NettyServer(URL url, ChannelHandler handler) throws RemotingException {  // 对ChannelHandler做包装,形成异步化  super(url, ChannelHandlers.wrap(handler, ExecutorUtil.setThreadName(url, SERVER_THREAD_POOL_NAME)));}

@Overrideprotected void doOpen() throws Throwable {  NettyHelper.setNettyLoggerFactory();

  bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();

  bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1, new DefaultThreadFactory("NettyServerBoss", true));  workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(getUrl().getPositiveParameter(Constants.IO_THREADS_KEY, Constants.DEFAULT_IO_THREADS),      new DefaultThreadFactory("NettyServerWorker", true));

  final NettyServerHandler nettyServerHandler = new NettyServerHandler(getUrl(), this);  channels = nettyServerHandler.getChannels();

  bootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)      .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)      .childOption(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, Boolean.TRUE)     .childOption(ChannelOption.SO_REUSEADDR, Boolean.TRUE)      .childOption(ChannelOption.ALLOCATOR, PooledByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT)      .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<NioSocketChannel>() {        @Override        protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) throws Exception {          NettyCodecAdapter adapter = new NettyCodecAdapter(getCodec(), getUrl(), NettyServer.this);          ch.pipeline()//.addLast("logging",new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO))//for debug              // 设置编解码              .addLast("decoder", adapter.getDecoder())              .addLast("encoder", adapter.getEncoder())              // 设置处理请求响应的Handler              .addLast("handler", nettyServerHandler);        }      });  // 绑定IP  ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.bind(getBindAddress());  channelFuture.syncUninterruptibly();  channel = channelFuture.channel();}

从上面Netty4的实现可以看出,在构造器中,直接调用了AbstractServer的构造器。不过对ChannelHandler做了包装处理,形成了异步处理的效果。然后AbstractServer会调用子类的doOpen()方法,进入具体的IP绑定和服务启动。这里对于Netty4本身的一些API就不做过多的解释了,这里我们来看下在pipeline中设置的编解码及处理请求响应的Handler

对于编解码的Handler,这里面使用了NettyCodecAdapter去封装了编码和解码器,这两个编解码器分别是作为内部类实现的,这里我们先看下NettyCodecAdapter的核心属性:

private final ChannelHandler encoder = new InternalEncoder();private final ChannelHandler decoder = new InternalDecoder();private final Codec2 codec;private final URL url;private final com.alibaba.dubbo.remoting.ChannelHandler handler;

public NettyCodecAdapter(Codec2 codec, URL url, com.alibaba.dubbo.remoting.ChannelHandler handler) {  this.codec = codec;  this.url = url;  this.handler = handler;}

可以看出,除了编码和解码器,还有具体的编解码实现Codec2,这里面通常是DubboCodec。其他的属性都是辅助编码实现的,下面我们分别看下InternalEncodeInternalDecode的实现

private class InternalEncoder extends MessageToByteEncoder {  @Override  protected void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ByteBuf out) throws Exception {   com.alibaba.dubbo.remoting.buffer.ChannelBuffer buffer = new NettyBackedChannelBuffer(out);    Channel ch = ctx.channel();    NettyChannel channel = NettyChannel.getOrAddChannel(ch, url, handler);    try {     codec.encode(channel, buffer, msg);    } finally {      NettyChannel.removeChannelIfDisconnected(ch);    }  }}

编码器还是相对比较简单的,对于Netty4的实现,直接继承了MessageToByteEncoder。在重写encode的方法里,直接使用了Codec2(通常为DubboCodec,新版本使用的DubboCountCodec也是对DubboCodec的简单封装)的编码。对于InternalDecoder而言,实现如下:

private class InternalDecoder extends ByteToMessageDecoder {  @Override  protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf input, List<Object> out) throws Exception {    ChannelBuffer message = new NettyBackedChannelBuffer(input);    NettyChannel channel = NettyChannel.getOrAddChannel(ctx.channel(), url, handler);    Object msg;    int saveReaderIndex;

    try {      // decode object.      do {        saveReaderIndex = message.readerIndex();        try {          msg = codec.decode(channel, message);        } catch (IOException e) {          throw e;        }        if (msg == Codec2.DecodeResult.NEED_MORE_INPUT) {          message.readerIndex(saveReaderIndex);          break;        } else {          //is it possible to go here ?          if (saveReaderIndex == message.readerIndex()) {            throw new IOException("Decode without read data.");          }          if (msg != null) {            out.add(msg);          }        }      } while (message.readable());    } finally {     NettyChannel.removeChannelIfDisconnected(ctx.channel());    }  }}

可以看出,当解码时如果此时接收到的字节数不完整,此时会解码器会返回 NEED_MORE_INPUT,此时会继续接受数据,直到接收到完整的报文,最终完成解码过程。

2.2 ChannelHandler

ChannelHandler可以立即为在消息收发之后的一个回调事件。在通讯框架层(如Netty),ChannelHandler主要可以分为2类:编解码器业务处理器。对于Dubbo而言,ChannelHandler指的就是业务处理器。而对于编解码器,前面已经说过了,这里不再赘述。

下面我们解析一下ChannelHandler的类图结构,上面的结构是ChannelHandler执行模式的类图。也就是说,它支持了ChannelHandler里面的方法,不同的异步执行模式。

首先对于ChannelHandler有个WrappedChannelHandler实现,里面的逻辑就是直接调用原ChannelHandler的对应connectedsent等方法。对于异步执行,Dubbo又分离出了4个类型出来:Default(所有方法异步)、Execution(除了sent方法是同步,其他的都是异步)、ConnectionOrderedconnectdisconnect使用单线程的线程池,receivedcaught都是异步,sent同步)、MessageOnly(只有received是异步,其余都是同步)。WrapperChannelHandler使用了装饰模式,将原先同步执行的ChannelHandler,装饰成了不同异步模式执行的ChannelHandler

而对于下面蓝色的框里面的类,看起来和上面紫色的类名非常类似。这里面主要是方便 Dubbo SPI 的调用,其代码中也没有具体的业务逻辑,只是直接new了对应的紫色类的对象,最终通过ChannelHandlers工具类,暴露了转异步的能力。最终的结果就是在原先的ChannelHandler套了一层。

除此之外,右上方还有2个橙色的类实现。其中ChannelHandlerDispatcher 就是一个批量操作,当传入多个ChannelHandler时,循环调用Handler数组中的对应方法。ChannelHandlerAdapter则是给Exchange层的ExchangeHandlerAdapter新增的适配,但其实现也为空,最终的使用方是 DubboProtocolrequestHander 内部属性实现。

3. Exchange

Exchange层是对Transport层的封装,让传输的二进制数据转换为Dubbo可以识别的Request / Response,这个我们从开篇的交互示意图就可以看出来。下面我们看下Exchange的类结构。

Exchange层的每个组件,都对应这Transport层的组件,分别为 HandlerChannelServerClient。我们首先看下ExchangeHandler,其继承了TelnetHandlerChannelHandler,新增了reply方法如下所示:

3.1 ExchangeHandler

public interface ExchangeHandler extends ChannelHandler, TelnetHandler {  /**   * reply.   */  Object reply(ExchangeChannel channel, Object request) throws RemotingException;}

其子类有个抽象的 ExchangeHandlerAdapter,这个Adapter中的 reply方法是个空实现,最终在DubboProtocol中实现了reply方法,实现Dubbo协议相关的相应方法,这个方法是在Server端接收到消息后(received方法中)调用的,对于DubboProtocol的代码这里不详细展开。

最后我们看到了HeaderExchangeHandler,它并不是继承了ExchangeHandler,而是以组合的方式获取DubboProtocol中的实现。但是其继承了ChannelHandler接口,这主要是为了封装上层的ChannelHandler给底层的通讯框架使用(如Netty)。下面罗列了HeaderExchangeHandler的主要代码:

private final ExchangeHandler handler;

public HeaderExchangeHandler(ExchangeHandler handler) {  if (handler == null) {    throw new IllegalArgumentException("handler == null");  }  this.handler = handler;}

Response handleRequest(ExchangeChannel channel, Request req) throws RemotingException {  Response res = new Response(req.getId(), req.getVersion());  if (req.isHeartbeat()) {    res.setHeartbeat(true);    return res;  }

  if (req.isBroken()) {    Object data = req.getData();

    String msg;    if (data == null) {      msg = null;    } else if (data instanceof Throwable) {      msg = StringUtils.toString((Throwable) data);    } else {      msg = data.toString();    }    res.setErrorMessage("Fail to decode request due to: " + msg);    res.setStatus(Response.BAD_REQUEST);

    return res;  }

  // find handler by message class.  Object msg = req.getData();  if (handler == null) {// no handler.   res.setStatus(Response.SERVICE_NOT_FOUND);    res.setErrorMessage("InvokeHandler not found, Unsupported protocol object: " + msg);  } else {    try {      // handle data.      Object result = handler.reply(channel, msg);      res.setStatus(Response.OK);      res.setResult(result);    } catch (Throwable e) {      res.setStatus(Response.SERVICE_ERROR);      res.setErrorMessage(StringUtils.toString(e));    }  }  return res;}

可以看出 handleRequest()方法中拿到了ExchangeCodec解码出来的请求对象 Request,然后封装响应报文,最终会调用DubboProtocol中的reply() 方法获取到服务端的invoker 桩对象,然后执行对应的业务逻辑,拿到结果result 后,封装返回Response

对于HeaderExchangeHandler作为Transport层的入参,最终注入到 Transport层的Handler的实现如下:

public class HeaderExchanger implements Exchanger {    public static final String NAME = "header";

  @Override  public ExchangeClient connect(URL url, ExchangeHandler handler) throws RemotingException {    return new HeaderExchangeClient(Transporters.connect(url, new HeaderExchangeHandler(handler)));  }

  @Override  public ExchangeServer bind(URL url, ExchangeHandler handler) throws RemotingException {    return new HeaderExchangeServer(Transporters.bind(url, new HeaderExchangeHandler(handler)));  }

}

3.2 ExchangeChannel

下面我们看一下ExchangeChannel,从类图上可以看出,它继承了Channel接口。然后新增了和Dubbo协议相关的方法。如下方的request(Object request) 中的request对象就是业务层的请求,在HeaderExchangeChannel中封装成了Dubbo协议的Request对象。它的返回值是ResponseFuture,这是通过Future模式,让RPC请求同步转异步,对于ResponseFuture这里不展开阐述。

public interface ExchangeChannel extends Channel {

  /**   * send request.   *    * @param request   * @return   * @throws RemotingException   */  ResponseFuture request(Object request) throws RemotingException;

  /**   * send request.   *    * @param request   * @param timeout   * @return   * @throws RemotingException  */  ResponseFuture request(Object request, int timeout) throws RemotingException;

  /**   * get message handler.   *    * @return message handler   */  ExchangeHandler getExchangeHandler();

  /**   * graceful close.   *    * @param timeout   */  @Override  void close(int timeout);

}

对于HeaderExchangeChannel的实现,还是相对比较简单的,这里我们简单的看下它的sent方法,也就是直接对业务的请求message,封装成了Dubbo协议的Request对象:

@Overridepublic void send(Object message, boolean sent) throws RemotingException {  if (closed) {    throw new RemotingException(this.getLocalAddress(), null, "Failed to send message " + message + ", cause: The channel " + this + " is closed!");  }  if (message instanceof Request || message instanceof Response || message instanceof String) {    channel.send(message, sent);  } else {    Request request = new Request();   request.setVersion("2.0.0");    request.setTwoWay(false);    request.setData(message);    channel.send(request, sent);  }}

3.3 ExchangeClient

对于ExchangeClient而言,其中没有定义接口方法,仅仅是继承了ClientExchangeChannel。也可以简单的理解为拥有了消息的发送能力即可。下面我们看下HeaderExchangeClient的主要实现,构造器中的ClientTransport层的Client(如NettyClient)。其含有2个属性,Transport层的ClientExchangeChannel。我们知道HeaderExchangeChannel是用来收发DubboRequest/Response的,因此这里的主要属性是基于NettyClient构造的ExchangeChannel

public class HeaderExchangeClient implements ExchangeClient {

  private final Client client;  private final ExchangeChannel channel;

  public HeaderExchangeClient(Client client) {    if (client == null) {      throw new IllegalArgumentException("client == null");    }    this.client = client;    this.channel = new HeaderExchangeChannel(client);  }}

3.4 ExchangeServer

ExchangeServer接口仅仅继承了Server接口,并新增了对Exchange层的ExchangeChannel的管理,仅此而已。

public interface ExchangeServer extends Server {

  /**   * get channels.   *    * @return channels   */  Collection<ExchangeChannel> getExchangeChannels();

  /**   * get channel.   *    * @param remoteAddress   * @return channel   */  ExchangeChannel getExchangeChannel(InetSocketAddress remoteAddress);

}

下面我们看下HeaderExchangeServer的简单实现,我们可以看到在构造的时候,会启动一个心跳的任务去检测客户端的连接是否正常。

public class HeaderExchangeServer implements ExchangeServer {

  private final ScheduledExecutorService scheduled = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1, new NamedThreadFactory("dubbo-remoting-server-heartbeat", true));  // 心跳定时器  private ScheduledFuture<?> heatbeatTimer;  // 心跳超时,毫秒。缺省0,不会执行心跳。  private int heartbeat;  private int heartbeatTimeout;  private final Server server;  private volatile boolean closed = false;

  public HeaderExchangeServer(Server server) {    if (server == null) {      throw new IllegalArgumentException("server == null");    }    this.server = server;    this.heartbeat = server.getUrl().getIntParameter(Constants.HEARTBEAT_KEY, Constants.DEFAULT_HEARTBEAT);   this.heartbeatTimeout = server.getUrl().getIntParameter(Constants.HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT_KEY, heartbeat * 3);    if (heartbeatTimeout < heartbeat * 2) {      throw new IllegalStateException("heartbeatTimeout < heartbeatInterval * 2");    }    startHeatbeatTimer();  }}

4. 总结

从图上我们可以看出,一共分为4层。最下面一层是通信框架层,也就是直接和Netty组件交互的一层。其中Channel 指的是 Netty 框架的Channel,也就是直接发送数据的通道。另外,NettyHandler 是继承Netty框架的Handler组件,而NettyHandler 本身又组合了上层的Handler,最终完成对底层网络事件的上层业务逻辑处理。其类的组合形式见如下示意图:

最下面的一层是Transport,这一层的NettyServer  NettyClientDubboNettyChannel的子类) 接口都是Dubbo自定义的。对于Channel而言,是组合了底层Netty框架的Channel,并在此基础上增加了attributes 的属性。对于ChannelHandler 最终的实现由 NettyClient / NettyServer 承载,而最终NettyClient / NettyServer 又会作为ChannelHandler的形式,作为客户端 / 服务端启动的入参,传入底层的Netty框架层,就如上图所示的那样。除此之外,这一层还有对于ChannelHandler的异步处理的封装层,也就是ChannelHandlerWrapper

再往上的一层是Exchange,这一层可以认为就是应用层了。其中收发的数据都是Dubbo协议对应的 Request / Response对象,并且对于发送的请求有异步转同步的处理等等。最上层是Protocol层,这一层主要是实现了ExchangeHandlerreply() 方法,通常用来实现,当Server端接收到了客户端的请求后,用来返回响应报文的(Response)。

对于HeaderExchangeChannel,组合了下层的 NettyChannel,并对上层发过来的 Object message 原始对象做了DubboRequest对象封装,也就是Dubbo请求协议的封装。然后再发送出去。由此看来对于 Channel 的封装,相对于ChannelHandler的封装嵌套是反着的,如下所示:

descript

5. 作者介绍

风度玉门,现任后端研发资深专家

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