NSD DBA1 DAY04
1 MySQL管理工具
1.1 问题
- 部署LAMP+phpMyAdmin平台
1.2 方案
1. 安装httpd、mysql、php-mysql及相关包
2. 启动httpd服务程序
3. 解压phpMyAdmin包,部署到网站目录
4. 配置config.inc.php,指定MySQL主机地址
5. 创建授权用户
6. 浏览器访问、登录使用
今天课程需要使用1台RHEL7虚拟机,其中一台作为数据服务器(192.168.4.6)、另外一台作为测试用的Linux客户机(192.168.4.254),如图-1所示。
图-1
1.3 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:准备软件的运行环境 lamp
- [root@mysql6~]# rpm -q httpd php php-mysql //检测是否安装软件包
- 未安装软件包 httpd
- 未安装软件包 php
- 未安装软件包 php-mysql
- [root@mysql6~]# yum -y install httpd php php-mysql //装包
- [root@mysql6~]# systemctl start httpd //启动服务
- [root@mysql6~]# systemctl enable httpd //设置开机自启
- Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
步骤二:测试运行环境
- [root@mysql6~]# vim /var/www/html/test.php //编辑页面测试文件
- [root@mysql6~]# cat /var/www/html/test.php //查看页面测试文件
- <?php
- $x=mysql_connect("localhost","root","123456");
- if($x){ echo "ok"; }else{ echo "no"; };
- ?>
- [root@mysql6~]# yum -y install elinks //安装测试网页工具
- [root@mysql6~]# elinks --dump http://localhost/test.php
- Ok //验证测试页面成功
步骤三:安装软件包
1)物理机传输解压包给虚拟机192.168.4.6
- [root@room9pc桌面]# scp phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-all-languages.tar.gz 192.168.4.6:/root/
- root@192.168.4.6's password:
- phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-a 100% 4218KB 122.5MB/s 00:00
2)虚拟机192.168.4.6解压phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-all-languages.tar.gz压缩包
- [root@mysql6~]# tar -zxf phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-all-languages.tar.gz -C /var/www/html/ //-C 表示改变至目录
- [root@mysql6~]# cd /var/www/html/
- [root@mysql6~]# mv phpMyAdmin-2.11.11-all-languages phpmyadmin //改变目录名
- [root@mysql6~]# chown -R apache:apache phpmyadmin/ //改变phpmyadmin目录权限
步骤四:修改软件的配置文件定义管理的数据库服务器
切换到部署后的phpmyadmin程序目录,拷贝配置文件,并修改配置以正确指定MySQL服务器的地址
- [root@mysql6html]# cd phpmyadmin
- [root@mysql6 phpmyadmin]# cp config.sample.inc.php config.inc.php
- //备份主配置文件
- [root@mysql6 phpmyadmin]# vim config.inc.php //编辑主配置文件
- 17 $cfg['blowfish_secret'] = 'plj123'; //给cookie做认证的值,可以随便填写
- 31 $cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = 'localhost'; //指定主机名,定义连接哪台服务器
- :wq
步骤五:在客户端访问软件 管理数据库服务器
1)在客户端访问软件,打开浏览器输入http://192.168.4.6/phpmyadmin(数据库服务器地址) 访问软件,如图-2所示,用户名是root,密码是123456
图-2
2)登入成功后,如图-3示,即可在授权范围内对MySQL数据库进行管理。
/
图-3
2 密码恢复及设置
2.1 问题
本案例要求密码恢复及设置,完成以下任务操作:
- 恢复MySQL管理列表
- 正常设置管理密码
2.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:重置MySQL管理密码
1)首先停止已运行的MySQL服务程序
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# systemctl stop mysqld.service //停止服务
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# systemctl status mysqld.service //确认状态
- mysqld.service - MySQL Server
- Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled)
- Active: inactive (dead) since 五 2017-04-07 23:01:38 CST; 21s ago
- Docs: man:mysqld(8)
- http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
- Process: 20260 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
- Process: 20238 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
- Main PID: 20262 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
2)然后跳过授权表启动MySQL服务程序
这一步主要利用mysqld的 --skip-grant-tables选项
修改my.cnf配置,添加 skip_grant_tables=1启动设置:
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
- [mysqld]
- skip_grant_tables=1
- .. ..
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# service mysql status
- mysqld.service - MySQL Server
- Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled)
- Active: active (running) since 五 2017-04-07 23:40:20 CST; 40s ago
- Docs: man:mysqld(8)
- http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
- Process: 11698 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid $MYSQLD_OPTS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
- Process: 11676 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
- Main PID: 11701 (mysqld)
- CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
- └─11701 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.p...
3)使用mysql命令连接到MySQL服务,重设root的密码
由于前一步启动的MySQL服务跳过了授权表,所以可以root从本机直接登录
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root
- Enter password: //直接回车即可
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 4
- Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
- affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
- owners.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql>
进入 mysql> 环境后,通过修改mysql库中user表的相关记录,重设root用户从本机登录的密码:
- mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('1234567')
- -> WHERE user='root' AND host='localhost'; //重设root的密码
- Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
- Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 1
- mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; //刷新授权表
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
- mysql> exit //退出mysql> 环境
- Bye
通过执行“FLUSH PRIVILEGES;”可使授权表立即生效,对于正常运行的MySQL服务,也可以用上述方法来修改密码,不用重启服务。本例中因为是恢复密码,最好重启MySQL服务程序,所以上述“FLUSH PRIVILEGES;”操作可跳过。
4)重新以正常方式启动MySQL服务程序,验证新密码
如果前面是修改/etc/my.cnf配置的方法来跳过授权表,则重置root密码后,应去除相应的设置以恢复正常:
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
- [mysqld]
- #skip_grant_tables=1 //注释掉或删除此行
- .. ..
按正常方式,通过mysql脚本重启服务即可:
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service
验证无密码登录时,将会被拒绝:
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root
- Enter password: //没有跳过授权表回车会报错
- ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO)
只有提供重置后的新密码,才能成功登入:
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root –p
- Enter password:
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 4
- Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
- affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
- owners.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql>
步骤二:正常设置MySQL管理密码
正常的前提是:已知当前MySQL管理用户(root)的密码。
1)方法1,在Shell命令行下设置
使用mysqladmin管理工具,需要验证旧的密码。比如,以下操作将会把root的密码设置为 1234567:
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysqladmin -u root -p password '1234567'
- Enter password: //验证原来的密码
- mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- Warning: Since password will be sent to server in plain text, use ssl connection to ensure password safety. //提示明文修改不安全,并不是报错
2)方法2,以root登入mysql> 后,使用SET PASSWORD指令设置
这个与新安装MySQL-server后首次修改密码时要求的方式相同,平时也可以用:
- mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR root@localhost=PASSWORD('1234567');
- Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
3)方法3,以root登入mysql> 后,使用GRANT授权工具设置
这个是最常见的用户授权方式(下一节会做更多授权的练习):
- mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY '1234567';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
4)方法4,以root登入mysql> 后,使用UPDATE更新相应的表记录
这种方法与恢复密码时的操作相同:
- mysql> UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('1234567')
- -> WHERE user='root' AND host='localhost'; //重设root的密码
- Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
- Rows matched: 1 Changed: 0 Warnings: 1
- mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; //刷新授权表
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
在上述方法中,需要特别注意:当MySQL服务程序以 skip-grant-tables 选项启动时,如果未执行“FLUSH PRIVILEGES;”操作,是无法通过SET PASSWORD或者GRANT方式来设置密码的。比如,验证这两种方式时,都会看到ERROR 1290的出错提示:
- mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR root@localhost=PASSWORD('1234567');
- ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --skip-grant-tables option so it cannot execute this statement
- mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY '1234567';
- ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --skip-grant-tables option so it cannot execute this statement
3 用户授权及撤销
3.1 问题
- 允许root从192.168.4.0/24网段 访问,对所有库/表有完全权限,密码为tarena
- 添加一个管理账号dba007,完全控制及授权
- 撤销root从本机访问的权限,然后恢复
- 允许webuser从任意客户机登录,只对webdb库有完全权限,密码为 888888
- 撤销webuser的完全权限,改为查询权限
3.2 方案
使用2台RHEL 7虚拟机,如图-1所示。其中192.168.4.10是MySQL服务器,授权及撤销操作均在此服务器上执行;而192.168.4.120作为测试客户机,需要安装好MySQL-client软件包,以便提供mysql命令。
图-1
同时,MySQL服务器本身(192.168.4.10)也可以作为测试客户机。
3.3 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:用户授权及撤销
1)允许root从192.168.4.0/24访问,对所有库表有完全权限,密码为tarena。
授权之前,从192.168.4.0/24网段的客户机访问时,将会被拒绝:
- [root@host120 ~]# mysql -u root -p -h 192.168.4.10
- Enter password: //输入正确的密码
- ERROR 2003 (HY000): Host '192.168.4.120' is not allowed to connect to this MySQL server
授权操作,此处可设置与从localhost访问时不同的密码:
- mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@'192.168.4.%' IDENTIFIED BY 'tarena';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
再次从192.168.4.0/24网段的客户机访问时,输入正确的密码后可登入:
- [root@host120 ~]# mysql -u root -p -h 192.168.4.10
- Enter password:
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 20
- Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
- affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
- owners.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql>
从网络登入后,测试新建一个库、查看所有库:
- mysql> CREATE DATABASE rootdb; //创建新库rootdb
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
- mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
- +--------------------+
- | Database |
- +--------------------+
- | information_schema |
- | home |
- | mysql |
- | performance_schema |
- | rootdb | //新建的rootdb库
- | sys |
- | userdb |
- +--------------------+
- 7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2)在Mysql服务器上建立一个管理账号dba007,对所有库完全控制,并赋予其授权的权限
新建账号并授权:
- mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO dba007@localhost
- -> IDENTIFIED BY '1234567'
- -> WITH GRANT OPTION;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
查看dba007的权限:
- mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR dba007@localhost;
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for dba007@localhost |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'dba007'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3)撤销root从本机访问的权限,然后恢复
注意:如果没有事先建立其他管理账号,请不要轻易撤销root用户的本地访问权限,否则恢复起来会比较困难,甚至不得不重装数据库。
撤销root对数据库的操作权限:
- mysql> REVOKE all ON *.* FROM root@localhost;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR root@localhost;
- +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for root@localhost |
- +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
- | GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
- +--------------------------------------------------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
验证撤销后的权限效果:
- mysql> exit //退出当前MySQL连接
- Bye
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root -p //重新以root从本地登入
- Enter password:
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 6
- Server version: 5.6.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
- affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
- owners.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql> CREATE DATABASE newdb2014; //尝试新建库失败
- ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' to database 'newdb2014'
- mysql> DROP DATABASE rootdb; //尝试删除库失败
- ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' to database 'rootdb'
尝试以当前的root用户恢复权限,也会失败(无权更新授权表):
- mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY '1234567';
- ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
怎么办呢?
退出当前MySQL连接,以上一步添加的管理账号dba007登入:
- mysql> exit //退出当前MySQL连接
- Bye
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u dba007 -p //以另一个管理账号登入
- Enter password:
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 24
- Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
- affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
- owners.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
由管理账号dba007重新为root添加本地访问权限:
- mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO root@localhost IDENTIFIED BY '1234567';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR root@localhost; //查看恢复结果
- +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for root@localhost |
- +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
- | GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
- +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
退出,再重新以root登入,测试一下看看,权限又恢复了吧:
- mysql> exit //退出当前MySQL连接
- Bye
- [root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root -p //重新以root登入
- Enter password:
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 25
- Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
- affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
- owners.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql> CREATE DATABASE newdb2014; //成功创建新库
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
4)允许webuser从任意客户机登录,只对webdb库有完全权限,密码为 888888
添加授权:
- mysql> GRANT all ON webdb.* TO webuser@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '888888';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
查看授权结果:
- mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR webuser@'%';
- +----------------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for webuser@% |
- +----------------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'webuser'@'%' |
- | GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `webdb`.* TO 'webuser'@'%' |
- +----------------------------------------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5)撤销webuser的完全权限,改为查询权限
撤销所有权限:
- mysql> REVOKE all ON webdb.* FROM webuser@'%';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
只赋予查询权限:
- mysql> GRANT select ON webdb.* TO webuser@'%';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
确认授权更改结果:
- mysql> SHOW GRANTS FOR webuser@'%';
- +--------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for webuser@% |
- +--------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'webuser'@'%' |
- | GRANT SELECT ON `webdb`.* TO 'webuser'@'%' |
- +--------------------------------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)