一:关系从句的特色
1. 两个句子要有交集,由此建立关系,用关系从句的方式来构成复合句。
For boyfriend I'm looking for a man.
He is tall, rich and well-educated.
2. 把交集点改写为wh的写法--产生连接词的功能。
3. 让关系从句依附于主句的交集点(名词)之后来修饰它--作形容词使用。
二:关系代词与关系副词
三:关系代词的省略
一般的语法书都是一大堆的条文和例外,害人不浅。
关系词之所以可以省略,主要原因是它在句子中是重复的成分,从这个角度上来讲是可以直接省略的,但是关系词同时还兼顾连接词的作用--断句,如果不影响断句就可以省略。
The man (who) was here just now is my uncle. 如果省略了who就会严重影响句子的判断。
四:何时该使用that,估计是定语从句中最难的知识点之一了
that具有指示代词的功能,使用that的要求是有指示的意味
Man is an animal that is capable of reason. that指代某具有某种特性的动物
Meteorology is a science that deals with the behavior. that具有指代的意味
五:何时该不适用that
根据上面的描述,如果句中没有指代的意思在里面就不该使用that
For boyfriend, I'm considering you brother John, who is tall, rich, etc. 听的人知道,就不用that指示了。which 也可以使用
I like TIME Classic Words, which many people like, too. 听的人清楚,不用that指示。(这个我把握的不是很清楚)which 也可以使用
六:先行词的省略
省略掉关系代词是常见的形式,有时候也可省略掉先行词。省略掉先行词的必要条件是先行词得是个空洞的,没有内容的字眼,像是thing,people等,先行词不能有逗号隔开,先行词是名词属于重要元素,不是可有可无的修饰语,一旦省略掉先行词之后必须在关系次的部分要有所表示。
1. what
I have the thing.
You need it. --> I have the thing that (or which) you need. 其中that可以直接省略。
the thing属于空洞的内容,省略之后句子就缺少了成分,用what来补充。
2. whoever
I'll shoot any person.
He moves. ----> I'll shoot any person who moves. 其中who不可以省略,如果省略any person的话,就将who改为whoever
3. whichever
You can take any car.
You like it. ------> You can take any car that you like. that可以省略 You can take any car you like. 如果还要省略空洞的any car,则用whichever来代替
七:关系字句的位置
这个也就是考试中经常考的重点:判断先行词到底是什么。
一般的定语从句直接放在先行词的后面,这样有利于理解句子,但是如果始终遵循这条规律会影响句子的原意。
You can find two apples in the basket.
I bought the apples. ----> you can find two apples which I bought in the basket. 这个结果造成in the basket和所修饰can find之间距离过于遥远,失去了原来的意思。
In the basket you can find two apples Which I bought.
A plague broke out.
It lasted 20 years. --> A plague which lasted 20 years broke out. 读这个句子感觉挺别扭,改成下面的会比较好。
A plague broke out which lasted 20 years.
八:关系副词
如果关系字句中是副词和主句中的先行词重复,就会改写为关系副词,副词是修饰性成分,省略比较自由,如果是有逗号隔开的就不适合省略。
1. when
关系副词when就是时间的改写,具有连词功能。
The rain came at a time.
The farmers needed it most then. ---> The rain came (at a time ) (when) the farmers needed it most.
在省略之前,关系字句全部是形容词字句,所有的形容词字句也都是关系字句。
谈到省略,要注意下面的三点:
*at a time 和 when都是空洞,无内容的字眼(不像in 1964,last january之类)
*at a time 和 when重复
*at a time 和 when都是可有可无的副词类
二者选一个省略:
The rain came when the farmers needed it most. 这种题目是高考经常考的,先行词被省略了。
The rain came at a time the farmers needed it most..
另外要注意,如果先行词做名词性的成分是不可省略的。I know when he will arrive.这个句子不是省略名词性的a time而是句子是一个名词性从句。
2. where
The car stopped at a place.
Three roads met there. ---> The car stopped (at a place) (where) three roads met. 二者选一省略,因为这里的at a place是一个副词性质的空洞的词,不做名词性成分。
3. how/why
so改写为how,与for a reason改写的why
Can you show me the way (how) you pulled off that trick. 副词性从句。
Can you show me how you pulled off that trick. 名词性从句。
I've forgotten the reason (why) I called. 副词性从句。
I've forgotten why I called. 名词性从句
九:有逗号隔开的关系字句
将逗号视为一组括号,括号内的内容是补充说明成分,丢失了指示的功能,不能用that,同时要注意也不能省略。
Shakespeare was born in 1564, when Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne.
The best museum in Taiwan is the palace museum, where you can see our national treasures.
十:wh-ever与副词从句
当wh-ever解释为no matter wh的时候引导的是副词从句,当引导名词性的从句的时候不能解释为no matter wh-。
Whoever (= No matter who) stole the money, it can't be John. 副词从句
I'll fire whoever (= anyone that) stole the money. 名词性从句