linux下.a/.so/.la目标库区别-转

在linux平台上编译时,常会遇到目标库的疑问,有静态库也有动态库,单个理解都不太难,但是对复杂的工程而言,一旦混合到一起去,对整个工程的理解和调用,将会造成很大困扰,本文就汇总这几种常见编译结果文件的区别。

一、格式说明

linux下编译,常会遇到后缀为:.o .so .a .la .ko等格式文件,尽管linux并不以扩展名作为识别文件格式的唯一依据,但规范约定还是有的,如下:

  • .o 是目标对象文件,相当于windows中的.obj文件

  • .a 为静态库,可以是一个或多个.o合在一起,用于静态连接

  • .la 为libtool生成的共享库,其实是个配置文档。可以用$file *.la查看*.la文件,或用vi来查看。

  • .so 为共享库,类似windows平台的dll文件

补充: 还有一种扩展名为.ko 文件,不过它是Linux内核使用的动态链接文件后缀,属于模块文件,用来在Linux系统启动时加载内核模块。

二、创建实例1、创建.o对象文件

$ gcc -c test.c

生成test.o,跳过链接对象,所以不是可执行文件。

2、创建.a静态库文件

$ ar -r libtest.a test1.o test2.o

3、创建动态库.so

$ gcc -Wall -fpic -shared test1.c test2.c -o libtest.so

上一句执行,将test1.c和test2.c编译生成动态库文件libtest.so

4、链接库文件

$ gcc -Wall -fpic -shared -Ltest test3.c -o libtest.so

编译test3.c后并与静态libtest.a链接(默认会到/usr/lib下找该文件)生成libtest.so动态库。

5、生成.la库

.la库一般通过makefile进行,当然也可以通过命令行进行,参考命令:

$libtool --mode=link gcc -o libmylib.la -rpath /usr/lib –L/usr/lib –la

libtool将会搜索libmylib.a文件,并传家libmylib.la。更多libtool帮助如下:

view sourceprint?

01Tst@Tst-PC /cygdrive/d/

02$ libtool --help

03Usage: libtool [OPTION]... [MODE-ARG]...

04 

05Provide generalized library-building support services.

06 

07--config show all configuration variables

08--debug enable verbose shell tracing

09-n, --dry-run display commands without modifying any files

10--features display basic configuration information and exit

11--mode=MODE use operation mode MODE

12--preserve-dup-deps don't remove duplicate dependency libraries

13--quiet, --silent don't print informational messages

14--no-quiet, --no-silent

15print informational messages (default)

16--tag=TAG use configuration variables from tag TAG

17-v, --verbose print more informational messages than default

18--no-verbose don't print the extra informational messages

19--version print version information

20-h, --help, --help-all print short, long, or detailed help message

21 

22MODE must be one of the following:

23 

24clean remove files from the build directory

25compile compile a source file into a libtool object

26execute automatically set library path, then run a program

27finish complete the installation of libtool libraries

28install install libraries or executables

29link create a library or an executable

30uninstall remove libraries from an installed directory

31 

32MODE-ARGS vary depending on the MODE. When passed as first option,

33`--mode=MODE' may be abbreviated as `MODE' or a unique abbreviation of that.

34Try `libtool --help --mode=MODE' for a more detailed description of MODE.

35 

36When reporting a bug, please describe a test case to reproduce it and

37include the following information:

38 

39host-triplet: i686-pc-cygwin

40shell: /bin/sh

41compiler: gcc

42compiler flags: -g -O2 -pipe

43linker: /usr/i686-pc-cygwin/bin/ld.exe (gnu? yes)

44libtool: (GNU libtool) 2.4

45automake: automake (GNU automake) 1.11.1

46autoconf: autoconf (GNU Autoconf) 2.68

47 

48Report bugs to <bug-libtool@gnu.org>.

49GNU libtool home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/>.

50General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>.

参考资料:

http://wiki.ubuntu.org.cn/index.php?title=Compiling_C&variant=zh-hans

http://afreez.blog.51cto.com/59057/7338

http://blog.csdn.net/lhf_tiger/article/details/7065289

http://topic.csdn.net/u/20080124/13/c34ece2c-81a0-4818-bec4-d705aa4aecb1.html
 


ls /usr/local/lib/libsqlite3.* /usr/local/lib/libsqlite3.a /usr/local/lib/libsqlite3.so.0 /usr/local/lib/libsqlite3.la /usr/local/lib/libsqlite3.so.0.8.6 /usr/local/lib/libsqlite3.so ls /usr/local/include/sqlite3.h /usr/local/include/sqlite3.h arm-linux-gcc -L./lib-lsqlite3 -o sqlite sqlite.c /tmp/ccKtSnwq.o: In function `main': sqlite.c:(.text+0xf4): undefined reference to `sqlite3_open' sqlite.c:(.text+0x120): undefined reference to `sqlite3_errmsg' sqlite.c:(.text+0x140): undefined reference to `sqlite3_close' sqlite.c:(.text+0x170): undefined reference to `sqlite3_exec' sqlite.c:(.text+0x1b0): undefined reference to `sqlite3_free' sqlite.c:(.text+0x1d8): undefined reference to `sqlite3_exec' sqlite.c:(.text+0x218): undefined reference to `sqlite3_free' sqlite.c:(.text+0x240): undefined reference to `sqlite3_exec' sqlite.c:(.text+0x280): undefined reference to `sqlite3_free' sqlite.c:(.text+0x28c): undefined reference to `sqlite3_close' collect2: ld returned 1 exit status [root@localhost install]# arm-linux-gcc -o sqlite sqlite.c -L./usr/local/lib -lsqlite3 /opt/FriendlyARM/toolschain/4.5.1/lib/gcc/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/4.5.1/../../../../arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lsqlite3 collect2: ld returned 1 exit status [root@localhost install]# arm-linux-gcc -o sqlite sqlite.c -L./usr/local/lib -lsqlite3 -static /opt/FriendlyARM/toolschain/4.5.1/lib/gcc/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/4.5.1/../../../../arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lsqlite3 collect2: ld returned 1 exit status [root@localhost install]# chmod +x /usr/local/libsqlite3.so chmod: cannot access `/usr/local/libsqlite3.so': No such file or directory [root@localhost install]# chmod +x /usr/local/libsqlite3.so.0.8.6 chmod: cannot access `/usr/local/libsqlite3.so.0.8.6': No such file or directory [root@localhost install]# arm-linux-gcc -o sqlite sqlite.c -L./usr/local/lib -lsqlite3.so -static /opt/FriendlyARM/toolschain/4.5.1/lib/gcc/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/4.5.1/../../../../arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lsqlite3.so collect2: ld returned 1 exit status [root@localhost install]# arm-linux-gcc -o sqlite sqlite.c -L./usr/local/lib -lsqlite3.so /opt/FriendlyARM/toolschain/4.5.1/lib/gcc/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/4.5.1/../../../../arm-none-linux-gnueabi/bin/ld: cannot find -lsqlite3.so collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
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