文件的操作

一、文件和文件夹

文件：文本文件、二进制文件

文件夹：
（Windows）C:\python\nihao.txt
(Mac/Linux) /home/python/nihao.txt

跨平台路径：os.path.abspath(path)

查看属性：os.stat(filename)
例如：

>>> p1 = 'c:\\python\\nihao.txt'
>>> import os
>>> os.stat(p1)
nt.stat_result(st_mode=33206, st_ino=0L, st_dev=0L,
 st_nlink=0, st_uid=0, st_gid=0, st_size=10L, 
 st_atime=1466563098L, st_mtime=1466563113L, st_ctime=1466563098L)

---

二、读、写文件

文件的特点：

>>> dir(file)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__enter__', 
'__exit__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__',
'__init__', '__iter__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__',
'__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__',
'close', 'closed', 'encoding', 'errors', 'fileno', 'flush', 'isatty',
'mode', 'name', 'newlines', 'next', 'read', 'readinto', 'readline',
'readlines', 'seek', 'softspace', 'tell', 'truncate', 'write', 'writelines',
'xreadlines']

其中，‘_ _ iter_ _’说明这种类型是可迭代的，可以使用for循环、Iter()…next()、迭代器

打开文件（读文件）：

>>> f = open(p1)
>>> for i in f:  #前提当文件可读时，该语句才该正常执行
...     print i
...
learn python

xiaoxu

当再次输出文件的内容，此时没有结果输出，说明此时，指针已经处于文件内容的末尾，代码如下：

>>> f = open(p1)
>>> for i in f:
...     print i
...
learn python

xiaoxu
>>> for i in f:
...     print i
...
>>>
>>>

创建文件：

以“w”的模式打开文件，原来的内容将会被清空，保存新输入的内容，例如：

>>> fp = open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt","w")
>>> fp.write("My name is Xiaoxu")
>>> fp.close()
>>> f = open("c:\\python\\nihao")
>>> f = open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt")
>>> for i in f:
...     print i
...
My name is Xiaoxu.
>>>

以“a”的模式打开文件，会原来的内容末尾继续追加新的内容，例如：

>>> fp = open("c:\\python\\niaho.txt","a")
>>> fp.write("I love Python")
>>> fp.close()
>>> fp = open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt","a")
>>> fp.write("I love Python")
>>> fp.close()
>>> f = open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt")
>>> for i in f:
...     print i
...
My name is Xiaoxu.I love Python

注意：在每次打开文件后，记住最后一步一定要关闭文件，即使用如上代码所示的fp.close()

在处理文件的打开与关闭时，有可能会忘记关闭文件这一操作，还有一种写法，可以不需要考虑关闭这一操作，即使用with语句解决。例如：

>>> with open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt","a") as fp:
...     fp.write("\nCanglaoshi is a good teacher.") #其中\n代表换行
...
>>> f = open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt") 
>>> for i in f:
...     print i
...
My name is XiaoxuI love Python

Canglaoshi is a good teacher.
>>>

---

三、文件不同的读取方法

read()
readline()
readlines()
import fileinput

read()的用法：

>>> help(file.read)
Help on method_descriptor:

read(...)
    read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.

    If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
    Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested
    may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.

>>>

其中，read([size])中的size是可选的，返回size字节的字符串。
read一次性把文件内容读入内容，缺点是当文件内容太多时，就存不下。

>>> f = open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt")
>>> c = f.read()
>>> c
'My name is Xiaoxu. I love Python\nCanglaoshi is a good teacher.'
>>> f = open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt")
>>> c = f.read(10)
>>> c
'My name is'
>>>

readline()的用法：

>>> help(file.readline)
Help on method_descriptor:

readline(...)
    readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.

    Retain newline.  A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
    number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
    Return an empty string at EOF.

>>>

readline（）：’size’它是以一行为单位,返回字符串，不是以字节为单位的，也就是每次读一行，一次往下循环。若不对’size’这个可选参数进行限制，它就读到最后一个

>>> f = open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt")
>>> f.readline()
'My name is Xiaoxu. I love Python\n'
>>>

readlines()的用法：

>>> help(file.readlines)
Help on method_descriptor:

readlines(...)
    readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.

    Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
    The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
    total number of bytes in the lines returned.

>>>

它返回的是一行为单位的列表。

举例如下：

>>> f = open("c:\\python\\nihao.txt")
>>> c = f.readlines()
>>> c
['My name is Xiaoxu. I love Python\n', 'Canglaoshi is a good teacher.']
>>>

import fileinput的用法

有时，会遇到大的文件，由于read()和readlines()一次性把文件内容读入内存，对大文件的内容不适用，所以可以采用readline()或者fileinput模块。其中，readline()是一行一行读取内容的。

举例如下：

>>> import fileinput
>>> for i in fileinput.input(r'c:\python\nihao.txt'):
...     print i
...
My name is Xiaoxu. I love Python

Canglaoshi is a good teacher.
>>>

seek()的用法:

>>> help(file.seek)
Help on method_descriptor:

seek(...)
    seek(offset[, whence]) -> None.  Move to new file position.

    Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
    0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1
    (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move
    relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow
    seeking beyond the end of a file).  If the file is opened in text mode,
    only offsets returned by tell() are legal.  Use of other offsets causes
    undefined behavior.
    Note that not all file objects are seekable.

>>>

当读文件内容读到文件末尾后，指针指到了文件末尾，若要使指针放在文件开头，除了重新打开文件还可以采用下面的方法：

>>> f = open(r'c:\python\nihao.txt')
>>> for i in f:
...     print i
...
My name is Xiaoxu. I love Python

Canglaoshi is a good teacher.
>>> f.seek(0)     #此操作可以把指针移到文件内容的开头，与重新打开文件时的一样
>>> for i in f:
...     print i
...
My name is Xiaoxu. I love Python

Canglaoshi is a good teacher.
>>>

tell()的用法：

tell()可以判断指针的位置，例如：

>>> f.seek(0)
>>> for i in f:
...     print i
...
My name is Xiaoxu. I love Python

Canglaoshi is a good teacher.
>>> f.seek(4)
>>> f.tell()
4L
>>> f.readline()
'ame is Xiaoxu. I love Python\n'
>>>