说明：
大家需要能完成三个实验：
1.添加网卡，并配置IP，网关和DNS
2.添加磁盘，创建文件系统并挂载
3.基本的LVM实验
文件管理
文件操作
目录操作
创建目录 mkdir mydir
删除目录 rm -rf mydir
修改属组 chown -R user1:group1 /mydir
文件操作
创建文件 touch myfile
删除文件 rm myfile
查看文件 cat myfile
less myfile
修改属组 chown -R user1:group1 myfile
权限设置
查看权限 ls -lrt myfile
修改权限 chmod 754 myfile
| 文件权限说明 -rwx-rwx-rwx 拥有者 组 其他 r读权限 w写权限 x执行权限 举例： chmod 754 myfile
4代表读权限，2代表写权限，1代表执行权限,－：对应数值0
7=4 + 2 + 1,表示拥有可读可写可执行权限 5=4 + 1,表示拥有可读可执行权限，但是没有写权限 0 代表没有任何权限 以此类推 |
用户操作
创建用户
useradd user1 (id,属组，家目录默认)
passwd user1 (设置密码)
useradd -u 2001 -g 2000 user2 (添加用户时同时指定id和组id)
删除用户
userdel -r user1 (-r 同时删除家目录)
查看用户
id user1
cat /etc/passwd
组操作
创建组 gourpadd -g 1000 group1
删除组 gourpdel group1
网络配置
开启ssh
1.查看是否安装ssh包
#rpm -qa | grep ssh
(若没有安装yum install openssh-server安装)
2.开启ssh服务
service sshd restart
3.查看服务端口是否起来
#netstat -antp | grep sshd
4.设置开机启动
#chkconfig sshd on
网络接口配置
添加网卡后查看系统是否识别网卡
ip link show
1，配置DNS
vi /etc/resolv.conf
加入:
nameserver 192.168.1.1
nameserver 8.8.8.8
2，配置网关：
vi /etc/sysconfig/network
加入：
GATEWAY=192.168.0.1
3，配置ip地址：
vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
其中ifcfg-eth0表时对eth0网卡修改，如果新加网卡要修改eth1的配置文件ifcfg-eth1
内容如下：
| [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1 DEVICE="eth0" BOOTPROTO="static" dhcp #修改为收到配置 HWADDR="00:0C:29:4A:FB:7A" IPV6INIT="no" NM_CONTROLLED="yes" ONBOOT="yes" #确认为yes TYPE="Ethernet" UUID="3a314364-99f4-48cd-bf84-0ae75d9e4c42" IPADDR=192.168.142.136 #设置为你需要的ＩＰ地址 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 ＃掩码 GATEWAY=192.168.142.2 ＃指定网管 DNS1=8.8.8.8 ＃配置ｄｎｓ |
4，重新启动服务：
#service network restart
5，确认网卡的配置信息：
#ifconfig
配置完成后，ping一下网关，检查是否能ping通或在用ifconfig eth0，检查下实际配置的ip地址。
| 1、使用route 命令添加的路由，机器重启或者网卡重启后路由就失效了，方法：
//添加到主机的路由 # route add –host 192.168.1.11 dev eth0 # route add –host 192.168.1.12 gw 192.168.1.1
//添加到网络的路由 # route add –net 192.168.1.11 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0 # route add –net 192.168.1.11 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.1 # route add –net 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth1
//添加默认网关 # route add default gw 192.168.2.1
//删除路由 # route del –host 192.168.1.11 dev eth0 |
添加磁盘
用一个实验说明
添加磁盘前
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000a419f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 39 307200 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 39 6275 50088960 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6275 6528 2031616 82 Linux swap / Solaris
[root@localhost ~]#
添加磁盘
使用vmwareWorkstation + centos6.5 测试
重启主机
#reboot
[root@lb ~]#
[root@lb ~]# fdisk -l #查看是否系统识别了添加的磁盘
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000a419f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 39 307200 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 39 6275 50088960 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 6275 6528 2031616 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes #系统已经识别添加的磁盘
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@lb ~]#
在新添加的磁盘创建分区
|
[root@lb ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x946f4430. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition 添加分区 o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit 更新分区表并退出 x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n 添加分区 Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 指定分区的开头 First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): 回车，使用默认 Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): 回车，使用默认 Using default value 2610
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x946f4430
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 83 Linux 已经创建好的分区
Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): w 保存分区表并退出 The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [root@lb ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000a419f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 39 307200 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 39 6275 50088960 83 Linux /dev/sda3 6275 6528 2031616 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x946f4430
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 83 Linux 系统已经识别到新分区 [root@lb ~]# |
挂载分区
创建文件系统
[root@lb /]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1310720 inodes, 5241198 blocks
262059 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
160 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks):
done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@lb /]#
创建文件夹并挂载
[root@lb ~]# cd /
[root@lb /]# mkdir /data
[root@lb /]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data
[root@lb /]# df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 49302836 2951612 43846776 7% /
tmpfs 502304 72 502232 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 297485 33544 248581 12% /boot
/dev/sdb1 20635700 176196 19411268 1% /data 已经挂载上
[root@lb /]#
创建文件夹和文件并测试读写文件
[root@lb /]# cd /data
[root@lb data]# mkdir mydir
[root@lb data]# cd mydir/
[root@lb mydir]# touch myfile
[root@lb mydir]# echo helloworld >myfile
[root@lb mydir]# cat myfile
helloworld
[root@lb mydir]# ls /data/mydir/
myfile
[root@lb mydir]# ls -l /data/mydir/
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11 May 15 08:42 myfile
[root@lb mydir]#
LVM
如下图所示PV、VG、LV三者关系：
物理卷的管理
先创建0x8e分区
fdiks
partx
pvcreate
pvscand
pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
pvdisplay
pvs
pvremove
卷组管理
vgcreate
vgcreate vgs /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
vgscand
vgdisplay
vgs
vgreduce
vgextend
vgextend vgname /dev/sdaN
vgremove
逻辑卷管理
lvcreate
lvcreate -n lv1 -L 1G vg1
mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vg1/lv1
mkdir /data
mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /data
lvscan
lvdisplay
lvextend
lvextend -l +128 /dev/vgname/lvname
resie2fs -p /dev/vgname/lvname
lvreduce
umount /data
fsck -f /dev/vgname/lvname
resize2fs -p /dev/vgname/lvname 512M
lvreduce -L 512M /dev/vgname/lvname 减小到512M
mount /data
lvremove
文件系统空间管理
增加文件空间
1.umount
2.vgextend,lvextend
3.resize2fs
4.mount
缩小文件空间
1.umount
2.resize2fs
3.lvreduce
4.mount
LVM基本实验
| 实验准备：创建三个分区 |
| [root@lb ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): Value out of range. Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): 200
Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (201-2610, default 201): Using default value 201 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (201-2610, default 2610): 400
Command (m for help): n Partition number (1-4): 3 First cylinder (401-2610, default 401): Using default value 401 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (401-2610, default 2610): 600
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x946f4430
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 200 1606468+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 201 400 1606500 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 401 600 1606500 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. [root@lb ~]# partprobe Warning: WARNING: the kernel failed to re-read the partition table on /dev/sda (Device or resource busy). As a result, it may not reflect all of your changes until after reboot. [root@lb ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000a419f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 39 307200 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 39 6275 50088960 83 Linux /dev/sda3 6275 6528 2031616 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x946f4430
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 200 1606468+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 201 400 1606500 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 401 600 1606500 83 Linux [root@lb ~]# |
第一步：创建pv
[root@lb ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
[root@lb ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb2
Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created
[root@lb ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb3
Physical volume "/dev/sdb3" successfully created
[root@lb ~]#
第二步：创建vg
[root@lb ~]# vgcreate vg1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
Volume group "vg1" successfully created
[root@lb ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 3 0 0 wz--n- 4.58g 4.58g
第三步：创建lv
[root@lb ~]# lvcreate -n lv1 -L 1G vg1
Logical volume "lv1" created
[root@lb ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-a---- 1.00g
第四步：创建文件系统并挂载
[root@lb ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vg1/lv1
[root@lb ~]# mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /data
[root@lb ~]#
[root@lb ~]# df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 49302836 2951788 43846600 7% /
tmpfs 502304 72 502232 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 297485 33544 248581 12% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1 1032088 34052 945608 4% /data
[root@lb ~]#
1万+
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