简单了解Semaphore

什么是Semaphore？

Semaphore是Java的一个同步类，用于协作多线程，同时也是一个共享锁

Semaphore使用场景

限流

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    // 限制每次最多只有两个线程执行任务
    Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(2);
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        new MyThread(semaphore).start();
    }
    System.in.read();
}

static class MyThread extends Thread{

    Semaphore semaphore;

    public MyThread(Semaphore semaphore) {
        this.semaphore = semaphore;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            // 每个工作线程获取一个信号量
            semaphore.acquire();
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
            Thread.sleep(1000 + new Random().nextInt(1000));
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }finally {
            // 结束任务释放信号量
            semaphore.release();
        }
    }
}

独占锁

其实就是把初始信号量改成1，用共享锁的模式实现独占锁

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(1);
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        new MyThread(semaphore).start();
    }
    System.in.read();
}

static class MyThread extends Thread{

    Semaphore semaphore;

    public MyThread(Semaphore semaphore) {
        this.semaphore = semaphore;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            // 获取到锁
            semaphore.acquire();
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
            Thread.sleep(1000 + new Random().nextInt(1000));
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }finally {
            semaphore.release();
        }
    }
}

Semaphore源码解析

构造器

默认的同步器是非公平的NonfairSync

public Semaphore(int permits) {
    sync = new NonfairSync(permits);
}

public Semaphore(int permits, boolean fair) {
    sync = fair ? new FairSync(permits) : new NonfairSync(permits);
}

acquire()

public void acquire() throws InterruptedException {
    sync.acquireSharedInterruptibly(1);
}

acquireSharedInterruptibly()

public final void acquireSharedInterruptibly(int arg)
        throws InterruptedException {
    if (Thread.interrupted())
        throw new InterruptedException();
    // 尝试获取锁
    if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
        doAcquireSharedInterruptibly(arg);
}

tryAcquireShared()：尝试获取锁

公平锁

protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
    for (;;) {
        // 判断同步队列内有节点，说明本节点需要加入队列，返回-1
        if (hasQueuedPredecessors())
            return -1;
        int available = getState();
        // 这里acquire可以不是1
        int remaining = available - acquires;
        // 如果剩下的信号量 < 0 或者获取锁成功，返回剩余的信号量
        if (remaining < 0 ||
            compareAndSetState(available, remaining))
            return remaining;
    }
}

非公平锁

protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
    return nonfairTryAcquireShared(acquires);
}

final int nonfairTryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
    for (;;) {
        // 来了就抢，不用判断同步队列内是否有节点
        int available = getState();
        int remaining = available - acquires;
        // 如果剩下的信号量 < 0 或者获取锁成功，返回剩余的信号量
        if (remaining < 0 ||
            compareAndSetState(available, remaining))
            return remaining;
    }
}

doAcquireSharedInterruptibly()：把节点加入队列

private void doAcquireSharedInterruptibly(int arg)
    throws InterruptedException {
    // 把节点加入队列，并且设置节点waitstate == SHARED
    final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
    boolean failed = true;
    try {
        for (;;) {
            // 返回当前节点的前驱节点
            final Node p = node.predecessor();
            // 如果当前节点的前驱节点是头节点
            if (p == head) {
                // 尝试获取锁，返回值r的意思是剩余的信号量
                int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
                // 还有剩余的信号量，把当前节点设置为新的头节点
                if (r >= 0) {
                    setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
                    p.next = null; // help GC
                    failed = false;
                    return;
                }
            }
            // 检查当前节点是否可以阻塞，如果前驱节点的waitstate == SIGNAL才会parkAndCheckInterrupt()阻塞
            if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                // 阻塞当前节点的线程
                parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                throw new InterruptedException();
        }
    } finally {
        // 上述for循环内的步骤出现了异常，把当前节点移除出同步队列
        if (failed)
            cancelAcquire(node);
    }
}

release()

public void release() {
    sync.releaseShared(1);
}

releaseShared()

public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {
    // 尝试释放锁
    if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {
        doReleaseShared();
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

tryReleaseShared()：尝试释放锁

protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int releases) {
    for (;;) {
        int current = getState();
        int next = current + releases;
        if (next < current) // overflow
            throw new Error("Maximum permit count exceeded");
        // CAS将信号量释放
        if (compareAndSetState(current, next))
            return true;
    }
}

doReleaseShared()

private void doReleaseShared() {

    for (;;) {
        Node h = head;
        // 队列不空
        if (h != null && h != tail) {
            int ws = h.waitStatus;
            // 头节点的waitStatus == SIGNAL
            if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {
                // 设置头节点的waitStatus == 0
                if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
                    continue;            // loop to recheck cases
                // 设置成功才释放后继节点
                unparkSuccessor(h);
            }
            // 当头节点waitstatus == 0，并且设置头节点waitstatus == PROPAGATE也可以返回
            else if (ws == 0 &&
                     !compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE))
                continue;                // loop on failed CAS
        }
        if (h == head)                   // loop if head changed
            break;
    }
}

总结

Semaphore在实现了类似于操作系统进程间通信的信号量，一开始有固定的信号量，acquire就是P操作（减少信号量），release就是V操作（返还信号量），只有获取到信号量（不论多少）才能够执行自己的任务。