Linux内核的启动简述

原创作品转载请注明出处 

《Linux内核分析》MOOC课程http://mooc.study.163.com/course/USTC-1000029000

回顾知识：

操作系统法宝：堆栈，中断上下文切换，进程上下文切换

Linux源代码目录 linux-3.18.6

主要目录介绍：

arch	不同的CPU体系结构相关的代码，主要研究x86目录
Documentation	相关文档
drivers	驱动相关代码
fs	文件系统相关代码
init	内核启动相关代码，其中main.c的start_kernel是系统启动的入口
Kernel	内核相关代码
mm	内存管理相关代码
net	网络相关代码

gdb命令

c 继续执行(continue)

list 查看代码

break 设置断点

调试内核

qemu -kernel linux-3.18.6/arch/x86/boot/bzImage -initrd rootfs.img -s -S # 关于-s和-S选项的说明：
# -S freeze CPU at startup (use ’c’ to start execution)
# -s shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234 若不想使用1234端口，则可以使用-gdb tcp:xxxx来取代-s选项

gdb
（gdb）file linux-3.18.6/vmlinux # 在gdb界面中targe remote之前加载符号表
（gdb）target remote:1234 # 建立gdb和gdbserver之间的连接,按c 让qemu上的Linux继续运行
（gdb）break start_kernel # 断点的设置可以在target remote之前，也可以在之后

kernel_init中完成初始化操作

9
500asmlinkage __visible void __init start_kernel(void)
501{
502	char *command_line;
503	char *after_dashes;
504
505	/*
506	 * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
507	 * lockdep hash:
508	 */
509	lockdep_init();
510	set_task_stack_end_magic(&init_task);
511	smp_setup_processor_id();
512	debug_objects_early_init();
513
514	/*
515	 * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
516	 */
517	boot_init_stack_canary();
518
519	cgroup_init_early();
520
521	local_irq_disable();
522	early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;
523
524/*
525 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
526 * enable them
527 */
528	boot_cpu_init();
529	page_address_init();
530	pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
531	setup_arch(&command_line);
532	mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
533	setup_command_line(command_line);
534	setup_nr_cpu_ids();
535	setup_per_cpu_areas();
536	smp_prepare_boot_cpu();	/* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
537
538	build_all_zonelists(NULL, NULL);
539	page_alloc_init();
540
541	pr_notice("Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
542	parse_early_param();
543	after_dashes = parse_args("Booting kernel",
544				  static_command_line, __start___param,
545				  __stop___param - __start___param,
546				  -1, -1, &unknown_bootoption);
547	if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(after_dashes))
548		parse_args("Setting init args", after_dashes, NULL, 0, -1, -1,
549			   set_init_arg);
550
551	jump_label_init();
552
553	/*
554	 * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
555	 * kmem_cache_init()
556	 */
557	setup_log_buf(0);
558	pidhash_init();
559	vfs_caches_init_early();
560	sort_main_extable();
561	trap_init();
562	mm_init();
563
564	/*
565	 * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
566	 * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
567	 * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
568	 */
569	sched_init();
570	/*
571	 * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
572	 * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
573	 */
574	preempt_disable();
575	if (WARN(!irqs_disabled(),
576		 "Interrupts were enabled *very* early, fixing it\n"))
577		local_irq_disable();
578	idr_init_cache();
579	rcu_init();
580	context_tracking_init();
581	radix_tree_init();
582	/* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
583	early_irq_init();
584	init_IRQ();
585	tick_init();
586	rcu_init_nohz();
587	init_timers();
588	hrtimers_init();
589	softirq_init();
590	timekeeping_init();
591	time_init();
592	sched_clock_postinit();
593	perf_event_init();
594	profile_init();
595	call_function_init();
596	WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled early\n");
597	early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
598	local_irq_enable();
599
600	kmem_cache_init_late();
601
602	/*
603	 * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
604	 * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
605	 * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
606	 */
607	console_init();
608	if (panic_later)
609		panic("Too many boot %s vars at `%s'", panic_later,
610		      panic_param);
611
612	lockdep_info();
613
614	/*
615	 * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
616	 * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
617	 * too:
618	 */
619	locking_selftest();
620
621#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
622	if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
623	    page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
624		pr_crit("initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - disabling it.\n",
625		    page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
626		    min_low_pfn);
627		initrd_start = 0;
628	}
629#endif
630	page_cgroup_init();
631	debug_objects_mem_init();
632	kmemleak_init();
633	setup_per_cpu_pageset();
634	numa_policy_init();
635	if (late_time_init)
636		late_time_init();
637	sched_clock_init();
638	calibrate_delay();
639	pidmap_init();
640	anon_vma_init();
641	acpi_early_init();
642#ifdef CONFIG_X86
643	if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
644		efi_enter_virtual_mode();
645#endif
646#ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX64
647	/* Should be run before the first non-init thread is created */
648	init_espfix_bsp();
649#endif
650	thread_info_cache_init();
651	cred_init();
652	fork_init(totalram_pages);
653	proc_caches_init();
654	buffer_init();
655	key_init();
656	security_init();
657	dbg_late_init();
658	vfs_caches_init(totalram_pages);
659	signals_init();
660	/* rootfs populating might need page-writeback */
661	page_writeback_init();
662	proc_root_init();
663	cgroup_init();
664	cpuset_init();
665	taskstats_init_early();
666	delayacct_init();
667
668	check_bugs();
669
670	sfi_init_late();
671
672	if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES)) {
673		efi_late_init();
674		efi_free_boot_services();
675	}
676
677	ftrace_init();
678
679	/* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
680	rest_init();
681}

trap_init : 中断向量的初始化工作

set_intr_gate : 设置中断门

set_system_trap_gate : 系统调用中断

393static noinline void __init_refok rest_init(void)
394{
395	int pid;
396
397	rcu_scheduler_starting();
398	/*
399	 * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
400	 * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
401	 * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
402	 */
403	kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS);
404	numa_default_policy();
405	pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
406	rcu_read_lock();
407	kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
408	rcu_read_unlock();
409	complete(&kthreadd_done);
410
411	/*
412	 * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
413	 * at least once to get things moving:
414	 */
415	init_idle_bootup_task(current);
416	schedule_preempt_disabled();
417	/* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
418	cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);
419}

reset_init : 0进程初始化工作

kernel_init : 1号进程(用户态)初始化

Linux中1号进程是由0号进程来创建的，因此必须要知道的是如何创建0号进程，由于在创建进程时，程序一直运行在内核态，而进程运行在用户态，因此创建0号进程涉及到特权级的变化，即从特权级0变到特权级3，Linux是通过模拟中断返回来实现特权级的变化以及创建0号进程，通过将0号进程的代码段选择子以及程序计数器EIP直接压入内核态堆栈，然后利用iret汇编指令中断返回跳转到0号进程运行。