Python 使用requests发送POST请求总结

 

版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得转载。 https://blog.csdn.net/junli_chen/article/details/53670887

一个http请求包括三个部分，为别为请求行，请求报头，消息主体，类似以下这样：

请求行 
请求报头 
消息主体

HTTP协议规定post提交的数据必须放在消息主体中，但是协议并没有规定必须使用什么编码方式。服务端通过是根据请求头中的Content-Type字段来获知请求中的消息主体是用何种方式进行编码，再对消息主体进行解析。具体的编码方式包括：

• application/x-www-form-urlencoded 
  最常见post提交数据的方式，以form表单形式提交数据。
• application/json 
  以json串提交数据。
• multipart/form-data 
  一般使用来上传文件。

2.7.1 以form形式发送post请求

Reqeusts支持以form表单形式发送post请求，只需要将请求的参数构造成一个字典，然后传给requests.post()的data参数即可。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json


def send_requests1():
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    d = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
    r = requests.post(url, data=d)
    return r


def send_requests2():
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    s = json.dumps({'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'})
    r = requests.post(url, data=s)
    return r


def send_requests3():
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    files = {'file': open('report.txt', 'rb')}
    r = requests.post(url, files=files)
    return r


if __name__ == "__main__":
    response1 = send_requests1()
    print '------ response1.text = ', response1.text

    # response2 = send_requests2()
    # print '------ response2.text = ', response2.text
    #
    # response3 = send_requests3()
    # print '------ response3.text = ', response3.text

 

输出：

------ response1.text =  {
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {
    "key1": "value1", 
    "key2": "value2"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Content-Length": "23", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "220.194.45.154, 220.194.45.154", 
  "url": "https://httpbin.org/post"
}

可以看到，请求头中的Content-Type字段已设置为application/x-www-form-urlencoded，且d = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}以form表单的形式提交到服务端，服务端返回的form字段即是提交的数据。

2.7.2 以json形式发送post请求

可以将一json串传给requests.post()的data参数

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json


def send_requests1():
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    d = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
    r = requests.post(url, data=d)
    return r


def send_requests2():
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    s = json.dumps({'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'})
    r = requests.post(url, data=s)
    return r


def send_requests3():
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    files = {'file': open('report.txt', 'rb')}
    r = requests.post(url, files=files)
    return r


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # response1 = send_requests1()
    # print '------ response1.text = ', response1.text

    response2 = send_requests2()
    print '------ response2.text = ', response2.text
    #
    # response3 = send_requests3()
    # print '------ response3.text = ', response3.text

输出：

------ response2.text =  {
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "{\"key2\": \"value2\", \"key1\": \"value1\"}", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Content-Length": "36", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
  }, 
  "json": {
    "key1": "value1", 
    "key2": "value2"
  }, 
  "origin": "220.194.45.154, 220.194.45.154", 
  "url": "https://httpbin.org/post"
}

可以看到，请求头的Content-Type设置为application/json，并将s这个json串提交到服务端中。

2.7.3 以multipart形式发送post请求

Requests也支持以multipart形式发送post请求，只需将一文件传给requests.post()的files参数即可。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json


def send_requests1():
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    d = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
    r = requests.post(url, data=d)
    return r


def send_requests2():
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    s = json.dumps({'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'})
    r = requests.post(url, data=s)
    return r


def send_requests3():
    url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
    files = {'file': open('report.txt', 'rb')}
    r = requests.post(url, files=files)
    return r


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # response1 = send_requests1()
    # print '------ response1.text = ', response1.text

    # response2 = send_requests2()
    # print '------ response2.text = ', response2.text

    response3 = send_requests3()
    print '------ response3.text = ', response3.text

输出：

------ response3.text =  {
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {
    "file": "hello word!\n"
  }, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Content-Length": "158", 
    "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=0562a8553c254ba298a69aa9e7fb477e", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "220.194.45.154, 220.194.45.154", 
  "url": "https://httpbin.org/post"
}

文本文件report.txt的内容只有一行：Hello world!，从请求的响应结果可以看到数据已上传到服务端中。