lua解析器源码分析

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lcode.c

/*
** $Id: lcode.c,v 2.112.1.1 2017/04/19 17:20:42 roberto Exp $
** Code generator for Lua
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lcode_c
#define LUA_CORE

#include "lprefix.h"


#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include "lua.h"

#include "lcode.h"
#include "ldebug.h"
#include "ldo.h"
#include "lgc.h"
#include "llex.h"
#include "lmem.h"
#include "lobject.h"
#include "lopcodes.h"
#include "lparser.h"
#include "lstring.h"
#include "ltable.h"
#include "lvm.h"


/* Maximum number of registers in a Lua function (must fit in 8 bits) */
#define MAXREGS		255


#define hasjumps(e)	((e)->t != (e)->f)


/*
** If expression is a numeric constant, fills 'v' with its value
** and returns 1. Otherwise, returns 0.
*/
static int tonumeral(const expdesc *e, TValue *v) {
  if (hasjumps(e))
    return 0;  /* not a numeral */
  switch (e->k) {
    case VKINT:
      if (v) setivalue(v, e->u.ival);
      return 1;
    case VKFLT:
      if (v) setfltvalue(v, e->u.nval);
      return 1;
    default: return 0;
  }
}


/*
** Create a OP_LOADNIL instruction, but try to optimize: if the previous
** instruction is also OP_LOADNIL and ranges are compatible, adjust
** range of previous instruction instead of emitting a new one. (For
** instance, 'local a; local b' will generate a single opcode.)
*/
void luaK_nil (FuncState *fs, int from, int n) {
  Instruction *previous;
  int l = from + n - 1;  /* last register to set nil */
  if (fs->pc > fs->lasttarget) {  /* no jumps to current position? */
    previous = &fs->f->code[fs->pc-1];
    if (GET_OPCODE(*previous) == OP_LOADNIL) {  /* previous is LOADNIL? */
      int pfrom = GETARG_A(*previous);  /* get previous range */
      int pl = pfrom + GETARG_B(*previous);
      if ((pfrom <= from && from <= pl + 1) ||
          (from <= pfrom && pfrom <= l + 1)) {  /* can connect both? */
        if (pfrom < from) from = pfrom;  /* from = min(from, pfrom) */
        if (pl > l) l = pl;  /* l = max(l, pl) */
        SETARG_A(*previous, from);
        SETARG_B(*previous, l - from);
        return;
      }
    }  /* else go through */
  }
  luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADNIL, from, n - 1, 0);  /* else no optimization */
}


/*
** Gets the destination address of a jump instruction. Used to traverse
** a list of jumps.
*/
static int getjump (FuncState *fs, int pc) {
  int offset = GETARG_sBx(fs->f->code[pc]);
  if (offset == NO_JUMP)  /* point to itself represents end of list */
    return NO_JUMP;  /* end of list */
  else
    return (pc+1)+offset;  /* turn offset into absolute position */
}


/*
** Fix jump instruction at position 'pc' to jump to 'dest'.
** (Jump addresses are relative in Lua)
*/
static void fixjump (FuncState *fs, int pc, int dest) {
  Instruction *jmp = &fs->f->code[pc];
  int offset = dest - (pc + 1);
  lua_assert(dest != NO_JUMP);
  if (abs(offset) > MAXARG_sBx)
    luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, "control structure too long");
  SETARG_sBx(*jmp, offset);
}


/*
** Concatenate jump-list 'l2' into jump-list 'l1'
将跳转列表'l2'连接到跳转列表'l1'
*/
void luaK_concat (FuncState *fs, int *l1, int l2) {
  if (l2 == NO_JUMP) return;  /* nothing to concatenate? */
  else if (*l1 == NO_JUMP)  /* no original list? */
    *l1 = l2;  /* 'l1' points to 'l2' */
  else {
    int list = *l1;
    int next;
    while ((next = getjump(fs, list)) != NO_JUMP)  /* find last element */
      list = next;
    fixjump(fs, list, l2);  /* last element links to 'l2' */
  }
}


/*
** Create a jump instruction and return its position, so its destination
** can be fixed later (with 'fixjump'). If there are jumps to
** this position (kept in 'jpc'), link them all together so that
** 'patchlistaux' will fix all them directly to the final destination.
*/
int luaK_jump (FuncState *fs) {
  int jpc = fs->jpc;  /* save list of jumps to here ，保存pc*/
  int j;
  fs->jpc = NO_JUMP;  /* no more jumps to here */
  j = luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_JMP, 0, NO_JUMP);
  luaK_concat(fs, &j, jpc);  /* keep them on hold */
  return j;
}


/*
** Code a 'return' instruction
*/
void luaK_ret (FuncState *fs, int first, int nret) {
  luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_RETURN, first, nret+1, 0);
}


/*
** Code a "conditional jump", that is, a test or comparison opcode
** followed by a jump. Return jump position.
*/
static int condjump (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, int A, int B, int C) {
  luaK_codeABC(fs, op, A, B, C);
  return luaK_jump(fs);
}


/*
** returns current 'pc' and marks it as a jump target (to avoid wrong
** optimizations with consecutive instructions not in the same basic block).
返回当前的pc和把它记录到下一个跳转的目标
*/
int luaK_getlabel (FuncState *fs) {
  fs->lasttarget = fs->pc;
  return fs->pc;
}


/*
** Returns the position of the instruction "controlling" a given
** jump (that is, its condition), or the jump itself if it is
** unconditional.
*/
static Instruction *getjumpcontrol (FuncState *fs, int pc) {
  Instruction *pi = &fs->f->code[pc];
  if (pc >= 1 && testTMode(GET_OPCODE(*(pi-1))))
    return pi-1;
  else
    return pi;
}


/*
** Patch destination register for a TESTSET instruction.
** If instruction in position 'node' is not a TESTSET, return 0 ("fails").
** Otherwise, if 'reg' is not 'NO_REG', set it as the destination
** register. Otherwise, change instruction to a simple 'TEST' (produces
** no register value)
*/
static int patchtestreg (FuncState *fs, int node, int reg) {
  Instruction *i = getjumpcontrol(fs, node);
  if (GET_OPCODE(*i) != OP_TESTSET)
    return 0;  /* cannot patch other instructions */
  if (reg != NO_REG && reg != GETARG_B(*i))
    SETARG_A(*i, reg);
  else {
     /* no register to put value or register already has the value;
        change instruction to simple test */
    *i = CREATE_ABC(OP_TEST, GETARG_B(*i), 0, GETARG_C(*i));
  }
  return 1;
}


/*
** Traverse a list of tests ensuring no one produces a value
*/
static void removevalues (FuncState *fs, int list) {
  for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list))
      patchtestreg(fs, list, NO_REG);
}


/*
** Traverse a list of tests, patching their destination address and
** registers: tests producing values jump to 'vtarget' (and put their
** values in 'reg'), other tests jump to 'dtarget'.
*/
static void patchlistaux (FuncState *fs, int list, int vtarget, int reg,
                          int dtarget) {
  while (list != NO_JUMP) {
    int next = getjump(fs, list);
    if (patchtestreg(fs, list, reg))
      fixjump(fs, list, vtarget);
    else
      fixjump(fs, list, dtarget);  /* jump to default target */
    list = next;
  }
}


/*
** Ensure all pending jumps to current position are fixed (jumping
** to current position with no values) and reset list of pending
** jumps
*/
static void dischargejpc (FuncState *fs) {
  patchlistaux(fs, fs->jpc, fs->pc, NO_REG, fs->pc);
  fs->jpc = NO_JUMP;
}


/*
** Add elements in 'list' to list of pending jumps to "here"
** (current position)
*/
void luaK_patchtohere (FuncState *fs, int list) {
  luaK_getlabel(fs);  /* mark "here" as a jump target */
  luaK_concat(fs, &fs->jpc, list);
}


/*
** Path all jumps in 'list' to jump to 'target'.
** (The assert means that we cannot fix a jump to a forward address
** because we only know addresses once code is generated.)
*/
void luaK_patchlist (FuncState *fs, int list, int target) {
  if (target == fs->pc)  /* 'target' is current position? */
    luaK_patchtohere(fs, list);  /* add list to pending jumps */
  else {
    lua_assert(target < fs->pc);
    patchlistaux(fs, list, target, NO_REG, target);
  }
}


/*
** Path all jumps in 'list' to close upvalues up to given 'level'
** (The assertion checks that jumps either were closing nothing
** or were closing higher levels, from inner blocks.)
*/
void luaK_patchclose (FuncState *fs, int list, int level) {
  level++;  /* argument is +1 to reserve 0 as non-op */
  for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list)) {
    lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(fs->f->code[list]) == OP_JMP &&
                (GETARG_A(fs->f->code[list]) == 0 ||
                 GETARG_A(fs->f->code[list]) >= level));
    SETARG_A(fs->f->code[list], level);
  }
}


/*
** Emit instruction 'i', checking for array sizes and saving also its
** line information. Return 'i' position.
*/
static int luaK_code (FuncState *fs, Instruction i) {
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  dischargejpc(fs);  /* 'pc' will change */
  /* put new instruction in code array */
  luaM_growvector(fs->ls->L, f->code, fs->pc, f->sizecode, Instruction,
                  MAX_INT, "opcodes");
  f->code[fs->pc] = i;
  /* save corresponding line information */
  luaM_growvector(fs->ls->L, f->lineinfo, fs->pc, f->sizelineinfo, int,
                  MAX_INT, "opcodes");
  f->lineinfo[fs->pc] = fs->ls->lastline;
  return fs->pc++;
}


/*
** Format and emit an 'iABC' instruction. (Assertions check consistency
** of parameters versus opcode.)
*/
int luaK_codeABC (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, int b, int c) {
  lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == iABC);
  lua_assert(getBMode(o) != OpArgN || b == 0);
  lua_assert(getCMode(o) != OpArgN || c == 0);
  lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_A && b <= MAXARG_B && c <= MAXARG_C);
  return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_ABC(o, a, b, c));
}


/*
** Format and emit an 'iABx' instruction.
*/
int luaK_codeABx (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, unsigned int bc) {
  lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == iABx || getOpMode(o) == iAsBx);
  lua_assert(getCMode(o) == OpArgN);
  lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_A && bc <= MAXARG_Bx);
  return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_ABx(o, a, bc));
}


/*
** Emit an "extra argument" instruction (format 'iAx')
*/
static int codeextraarg (FuncState *fs, int a) {
  lua_assert(a <= MAXARG_Ax);
  return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_Ax(OP_EXTRAARG, a));
}


/*
** Emit a "load constant" instruction, using either 'OP_LOADK'
** (if constant index 'k' fits in 18 bits) or an 'OP_LOADKX'
** instruction with "extra argument".
使用'OP_LOADK'（如果常量索引'k'适合18位）或带有“额外参数”的'OP_LOADKX'指令发出“加载常量”指令。
*/
int luaK_codek (FuncState *fs, int reg, int k) {
  if (k <= MAXARG_Bx)
    return luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_LOADK, reg, k);
  else {
    int p = luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_LOADKX, reg, 0);
    codeextraarg(fs, k);
    return p;
  }
}


/*
** Check register-stack level, keeping track of its maximum size
** in field 'maxstacksize'
*/
void luaK_checkstack (FuncState *fs, int n) {
  int newstack = fs->freereg + n;
  if (newstack > fs->f->maxstacksize) {
    if (newstack >= MAXREGS)
      luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls,
        "function or expression needs too many registers");
    fs->f->maxstacksize = cast_byte(newstack);
  }
}


/*
** Reserve 'n' registers in register stack
*/
void luaK_reserveregs (FuncState *fs, int n) {
  luaK_checkstack(fs, n);
  fs->freereg += n;
}


/*
** Free register 'reg', if it is neither a constant index nor
** a local variable.
)
*/
static void freereg (FuncState *fs, int reg) {
  if (!ISK(reg) && reg >= fs->nactvar) {
    fs->freereg--;
    lua_assert(reg == fs->freereg);
  }
}


/*
** Free register used by expression 'e' (if any)
*/
static void freeexp (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (e->k == VNONRELOC)
    freereg(fs, e->u.info);
}


/*
** Free registers used by expressions 'e1' and 'e2' (if any) in proper
** order.
*/
static void freeexps (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) {
  int r1 = (e1->k == VNONRELOC) ? e1->u.info : -1;
  int r2 = (e2->k == VNONRELOC) ? e2->u.info : -1;
  if (r1 > r2) {
    freereg(fs, r1);
    freereg(fs, r2);
  }
  else {
    freereg(fs, r2);
    freereg(fs, r1);
  }
}


/*
** Add constant 'v' to prototype's list of constants (field 'k').
** Use scanner's table to cache position of constants in constant list
** and try to reuse constants. Because some values should not be used
** as keys (nil cannot be a key, integer keys can collapse with float
** keys), the caller must provide a useful 'key' for indexing the cache.
*/
static int addk (FuncState *fs, TValue *key, TValue *v) {
  lua_State *L = fs->ls->L;
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  TValue *idx = luaH_set(L, fs->ls->h, key);  /* index scanner table */
  int k, oldsize;
  if (ttisinteger(idx)) {  /* is there an index there? */
    k = cast_int(ivalue(idx));
    /* correct value? (warning: must distinguish floats from integers!) */
    if (k < fs->nk && ttype(&f->k[k]) == ttype(v) &&
                      luaV_rawequalobj(&f->k[k], v))
      return k;  /* reuse index */
  }
  /* constant not found; create a new entry */
  oldsize = f->sizek;
  k = fs->nk;
  /* numerical value does not need GC barrier;
     table has no metatable, so it does not need to invalidate cache */
  setivalue(idx, k);
  luaM_growvector(L, f->k, k, f->sizek, TValue, MAXARG_Ax, "constants");
  while (oldsize < f->sizek) setnilvalue(&f->k[oldsize++]);
  setobj(L, &f->k[k], v);
  fs->nk++;
  luaC_barrier(L, f, v);
  return k;
}


/*
** Add a string to list of constants and return its index.
*/
int luaK_stringK (FuncState *fs, TString *s) {
  TValue o;
  setsvalue(fs->ls->L, &o, s);
  return addk(fs, &o, &o);  /* use string itself as key */
}


/*
** Add an integer to list of constants and return its index.
** Integers use userdata as keys to avoid collision with floats with
** same value; conversion to 'void*' is used only for hashing, so there
** are no "precision" problems.
将一个整数添加到常量列表并返回其索引。
整数使用userdata作为键，以避免与浮动冲突相同的价值; 转换为'void *'仅用于散列，因此没有“精确”问题。
*/
int luaK_intK (FuncState *fs, lua_Integer n) {
  TValue k, o;
  setpvalue(&k, cast(void*, cast(size_t, n)));
  setivalue(&o, n);
  return addk(fs, &k, &o);
}

/*
** Add a float to list of constants and return its index.
*/
static int luaK_numberK (FuncState *fs, lua_Number r) {
  TValue o;
  setfltvalue(&o, r);
  return addk(fs, &o, &o);  /* use number itself as key */
}


/*
** Add a boolean to list of constants and return its index.
*/
static int boolK (FuncState *fs, int b) {
  TValue o;
  setbvalue(&o, b);
  return addk(fs, &o, &o);  /* use boolean itself as key */
}


/*
** Add nil to list of constants and return its index.
*/
static int nilK (FuncState *fs) {
  TValue k, v;
  setnilvalue(&v);
  /* cannot use nil as key; instead use table itself to represent nil */
  sethvalue(fs->ls->L, &k, fs->ls->h);
  return addk(fs, &k, &v);
}


/*
** Fix an expression to return the number of results 'nresults'.
** Either 'e' is a multi-ret expression (function call or vararg)
** or 'nresults' is LUA_MULTRET (as any expression can satisfy that).
*/
void luaK_setreturns (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int nresults) {
  if (e->k == VCALL) {  /* expression is an open function call? */
    SETARG_C(getinstruction(fs, e), nresults + 1);
  }
  else if (e->k == VVARARG) {
    Instruction *pc = &getinstruction(fs, e);
    SETARG_B(*pc, nresults + 1);
    SETARG_A(*pc, fs->freereg);
    luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
  }
  else lua_assert(nresults == LUA_MULTRET);
}


/*
** Fix an expression to return one result.
** If expression is not a multi-ret expression (function call or
** vararg), it already returns one result, so nothing needs to be done.
** Function calls become VNONRELOC expressions (as its result comes
** fixed in the base register of the call), while vararg expressions
** become VRELOCABLE (as OP_VARARG puts its results where it wants).
** (Calls are created returning one result, so that does not need
** to be fixed.)
*/
void luaK_setoneret (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (e->k == VCALL) {  /* expression is an open function call? */
    /* already returns 1 value */
    lua_assert(GETARG_C(getinstruction(fs, e)) == 2);
    e->k = VNONRELOC;  /* result has fixed position */
    e->u.info = GETARG_A(getinstruction(fs, e));
  }
  else if (e->k == VVARARG) {
    SETARG_B(getinstruction(fs, e), 2);
    e->k = VRELOCABLE;  /* can relocate its simple result */
  }
}


/*
** Ensure that expression 'e' is not a variable.
*/
void luaK_dischargevars (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  switch (e->k) {
    case VLOCAL: {  /* already in a register */
      e->k = VNONRELOC;  /* becomes a non-relocatable value */
      break;
    }
    case VUPVAL: {  /* move value to some (pending) register */
      e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETUPVAL, 0, e->u.info, 0);
      e->k = VRELOCABLE;
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXED: {
      OpCode op;
      freereg(fs, e->u.ind.idx);
      if (e->u.ind.vt == VLOCAL) {  /* is 't' in a register? */
        freereg(fs, e->u.ind.t);
        op = OP_GETTABLE;
      }
      else {
        lua_assert(e->u.ind.vt == VUPVAL);
        op = OP_GETTABUP;  /* 't' is in an upvalue */
      }
      e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, op, 0, e->u.ind.t, e->u.ind.idx);
      e->k = VRELOCABLE;
      break;
    }
    case VVARARG: case VCALL: {
      luaK_setoneret(fs, e);
      break;
    }
    default: break;  /* there is one value available (somewhere) */
  }
}


/*
** Ensures expression value is in register 'reg' (and therefore
** 'e' will become a non-relocatable expression).
*/
static void discharge2reg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int reg) {
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  switch (e->k) {
    case VNIL: {
      luaK_nil(fs, reg, 1);
      break;
    }
    case VFALSE: case VTRUE: {
      luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADBOOL, reg, e->k == VTRUE, 0);
      break;
    }
    case VK: {
      luaK_codek(fs, reg, e->u.info);
      break;
    }
    case VKFLT: {
      luaK_codek(fs, reg, luaK_numberK(fs, e->u.nval));
      break;
    }
    case VKINT: {
      luaK_codek(fs, reg, luaK_intK(fs, e->u.ival));
      break;
    }
    case VRELOCABLE: {
      Instruction *pc = &getinstruction(fs, e);
      SETARG_A(*pc, reg);  /* instruction will put result in 'reg' */
      break;
    }
    case VNONRELOC: {
      if (reg != e->u.info)
        luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_MOVE, reg, e->u.info, 0);
      break;
    }
    default: {
      lua_assert(e->k == VJMP);
      return;  /* nothing to do... */
    }
  }
  e->u.info = reg;
  e->k = VNONRELOC;
}


/*
** Ensures expression value is in any register.
*/
static void discharge2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (e->k != VNONRELOC) {  /* no fixed register yet? */
    luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);  /* get a register */
    discharge2reg(fs, e, fs->freereg-1);  /* put value there */
  }
}


static int code_loadbool (FuncState *fs, int A, int b, int jump) {
  luaK_getlabel(fs);  /* those instructions may be jump targets */
  return luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADBOOL, A, b, jump);
}


/*
** check whether list has any jump that do not produce a value
** or produce an inverted value
*/
static int need_value (FuncState *fs, int list) {
  for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list)) {
    Instruction i = *getjumpcontrol(fs, list);
    if (GET_OPCODE(i) != OP_TESTSET) return 1;
  }
  return 0;  /* not found */
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result (including results from its jump
** lists) is in register 'reg'.
** If expression has jumps, need to patch these jumps either to
** its final position or to "load" instructions (for those tests
** that do not produce values).
*/
static void exp2reg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int reg) {
  discharge2reg(fs, e, reg);
  if (e->k == VJMP)  /* expression itself is a test? */
    luaK_concat(fs, &e->t, e->u.info);  /* put this jump in 't' list */
  if (hasjumps(e)) {
    int final;  /* position after whole expression */
    int p_f = NO_JUMP;  /* position of an eventual LOAD false */
    int p_t = NO_JUMP;  /* position of an eventual LOAD true */
    if (need_value(fs, e->t) || need_value(fs, e->f)) {
      int fj = (e->k == VJMP) ? NO_JUMP : luaK_jump(fs);
      p_f = code_loadbool(fs, reg, 0, 1);
      p_t = code_loadbool(fs, reg, 1, 0);
      luaK_patchtohere(fs, fj);
    }
    final = luaK_getlabel(fs);
    patchlistaux(fs, e->f, final, reg, p_f);
    patchlistaux(fs, e->t, final, reg, p_t);
  }
  e->f = e->t = NO_JUMP;
  e->u.info = reg;
  e->k = VNONRELOC;
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result (including results from its jump
** lists) is in next available register.
*/
void luaK_exp2nextreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  freeexp(fs, e);
  luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
  exp2reg(fs, e, fs->freereg - 1);
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result (including results from its jump
** lists) is in some (any) register and return that register.
*/
int luaK_exp2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  if (e->k == VNONRELOC) {  /* expression already has a register? */
    if (!hasjumps(e))  /* no jumps? */
      return e->u.info;  /* result is already in a register */
    if (e->u.info >= fs->nactvar) {  /* reg. is not a local? */
      exp2reg(fs, e, e->u.info);  /* put final result in it */
      return e->u.info;
    }
  }
  luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e);  /* otherwise, use next available register */
  return e->u.info;
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result is either in a register or in an
** upvalue.
*/
void luaK_exp2anyregup (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (e->k != VUPVAL || hasjumps(e))
    luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result is either in a register or it is
** a constant.
*/
void luaK_exp2val (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  if (hasjumps(e))
    luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
  else
    luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
}


/*
** Ensures final expression result is in a valid R/K index
** (that is, it is either in a register or in 'k' with an index
** in the range of R/K indices).
** Returns R/K index.
*/
int luaK_exp2RK (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  luaK_exp2val(fs, e);
  switch (e->k) {  /* move constants to 'k' */
    case VTRUE: e->u.info = boolK(fs, 1); goto vk;
    case VFALSE: e->u.info = boolK(fs, 0); goto vk;
    case VNIL: e->u.info = nilK(fs); goto vk;
    case VKINT: e->u.info = luaK_intK(fs, e->u.ival); goto vk;
    case VKFLT: e->u.info = luaK_numberK(fs, e->u.nval); goto vk;
    case VK:
     vk:
      e->k = VK;
      if (e->u.info <= MAXINDEXRK)  /* constant fits in 'argC'? */
        return RKASK(e->u.info);
      else break;
    default: break;
  }
  /* not a constant in the right range: put it in a register */
  return luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
}


/*
** Generate code to store result of expression 'ex' into variable 'var'.
*/
void luaK_storevar (FuncState *fs, expdesc *var, expdesc *ex) {
  switch (var->k) {
    case VLOCAL: {
      freeexp(fs, ex);
      exp2reg(fs, ex, var->u.info);  /* compute 'ex' into proper place */
      return;
    }
    case VUPVAL: {
      int e = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, ex);
      luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETUPVAL, e, var->u.info, 0);
      break;
    }
    case VINDEXED: {
      OpCode op = (var->u.ind.vt == VLOCAL) ? OP_SETTABLE : OP_SETTABUP;
      int e = luaK_exp2RK(fs, ex);
      luaK_codeABC(fs, op, var->u.ind.t, var->u.ind.idx, e);
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0);  /* invalid var kind to store */
  }
  freeexp(fs, ex);
}


/*
** Emit SELF instruction (convert expression 'e' into 'e:key(e,').
*/
void luaK_self (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, expdesc *key) {
  int ereg;
  luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
  ereg = e->u.info;  /* register where 'e' was placed */
  freeexp(fs, e);
  e->u.info = fs->freereg;  /* base register for op_self */
  e->k = VNONRELOC;  /* self expression has a fixed register */
  luaK_reserveregs(fs, 2);  /* function and 'self' produced by op_self */
  luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SELF, e->u.info, ereg, luaK_exp2RK(fs, key));
  freeexp(fs, key);
}


/*
** Negate condition 'e' (where 'e' is a comparison).
*/
static void negatecondition (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  Instruction *pc = getjumpcontrol(fs, e->u.info);
  lua_assert(testTMode(GET_OPCODE(*pc)) && GET_OPCODE(*pc) != OP_TESTSET &&
                                           GET_OPCODE(*pc) != OP_TEST);
  SETARG_A(*pc, !(GETARG_A(*pc)));
}


/*
** Emit instruction to jump if 'e' is 'cond' (that is, if 'cond'
** is true, code will jump if 'e' is true.) Return jump position.
** Optimize when 'e' is 'not' something, inverting the condition
** and removing the 'not'.
*/
static int jumponcond (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int cond) {
  if (e->k == VRELOCABLE) {
    Instruction ie = getinstruction(fs, e);
    if (GET_OPCODE(ie) == OP_NOT) {
      fs->pc--;  /* remove previous OP_NOT */
      return condjump(fs, OP_TEST, GETARG_B(ie), 0, !cond);
    }
    /* else go through */
  }
  discharge2anyreg(fs, e);
  freeexp(fs, e);
  return condjump(fs, OP_TESTSET, NO_REG, e->u.info, cond);
}


/*
** Emit code to go through if 'e' is true, jump otherwise.
*/
void luaK_goiftrue (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  int pc;  /* pc of new jump */
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  switch (e->k) {
    case VJMP: {  /* condition? */
      negatecondition(fs, e);  /* jump when it is false */
      pc = e->u.info;  /* save jump position */
      break;
    }
    case VK: case VKFLT: case VKINT: case VTRUE: {
      pc = NO_JUMP;  /* always true; do nothing */
      break;
    }
    default: {
      pc = jumponcond(fs, e, 0);  /* jump when false */
      break;
    }
  }
  luaK_concat(fs, &e->f, pc);  /* insert new jump in false list */
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, e->t);  /* true list jumps to here (to go through) */
  e->t = NO_JUMP;
}


/*
** Emit code to go through if 'e' is false, jump otherwise.
如果“e”为假则发出代码，否则跳转。
*/
void luaK_goiffalse (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  int pc;  /* pc of new jump */
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  switch (e->k) {
    case VJMP: {
      pc = e->u.info;  /* already jump if true */
      break;
    }
    case VNIL: case VFALSE: {
      pc = NO_JUMP;  /* always false; do nothing */
      break;
    }
    default: {
      pc = jumponcond(fs, e, 1);  /* jump if true */
      break;
    }
  }
  luaK_concat(fs, &e->t, pc);  /* insert new jump in 't' list */
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, e->f);  /* false list jumps to here (to go through) */
  e->f = NO_JUMP;
}


/*
** Code 'not e', doing constant folding.
*/
static void codenot (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
  luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
  switch (e->k) {
    case VNIL: case VFALSE: {
      e->k = VTRUE;  /* true == not nil == not false */
      break;
    }
    case VK: case VKFLT: case VKINT: case VTRUE: {
      e->k = VFALSE;  /* false == not "x" == not 0.5 == not 1 == not true */
      break;
    }
    case VJMP: {
      negatecondition(fs, e);
      break;
    }
    case VRELOCABLE:
    case VNONRELOC: {
      discharge2anyreg(fs, e);
      freeexp(fs, e);
      e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_NOT, 0, e->u.info, 0);
      e->k = VRELOCABLE;
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0);  /* cannot happen */
  }
  /* interchange true and false lists */
  { int temp = e->f; e->f = e->t; e->t = temp; }
  removevalues(fs, e->f);  /* values are useless when negated */
  removevalues(fs, e->t);
}


/*
** Create expression 't[k]'. 't' must have its final result already in a
** register or upvalue.
*/
void luaK_indexed (FuncState *fs, expdesc *t, expdesc *k) {
  lua_assert(!hasjumps(t) && (vkisinreg(t->k) || t->k == VUPVAL));
  t->u.ind.t = t->u.info;  /* register or upvalue index */
  t->u.ind.idx = luaK_exp2RK(fs, k);  /* R/K index for key */
  t->u.ind.vt = (t->k == VUPVAL) ? VUPVAL : VLOCAL;
  t->k = VINDEXED;
}


/*
** Return false if folding can raise an error.
** Bitwise operations need operands convertible to integers; division
** operations cannot have 0 as divisor.
*/
static int validop (int op, TValue *v1, TValue *v2) {
  switch (op) {
    case LUA_OPBAND: case LUA_OPBOR: case LUA_OPBXOR:
    case LUA_OPSHL: case LUA_OPSHR: case LUA_OPBNOT: {  /* conversion errors */
      lua_Integer i;
      return (tointeger(v1, &i) && tointeger(v2, &i));
    }
    case LUA_OPDIV: case LUA_OPIDIV: case LUA_OPMOD:  /* division by 0 */
      return (nvalue(v2) != 0);
    default: return 1;  /* everything else is valid */
  }
}


/*
** Try to "constant-fold" an operation; return 1 iff successful.
** (In this case, 'e1' has the final result.)
*/
static int constfolding (FuncState *fs, int op, expdesc *e1,
                                                const expdesc *e2) {
  TValue v1, v2, res;
  if (!tonumeral(e1, &v1) || !tonumeral(e2, &v2) || !validop(op, &v1, &v2))
    return 0;  /* non-numeric operands or not safe to fold */
  luaO_arith(fs->ls->L, op, &v1, &v2, &res);  /* does operation */
  if (ttisinteger(&res)) {
    e1->k = VKINT;
    e1->u.ival = ivalue(&res);
  }
  else {  /* folds neither NaN nor 0.0 (to avoid problems with -0.0) */
    lua_Number n = fltvalue(&res);
    if (luai_numisnan(n) || n == 0)
      return 0;
    e1->k = VKFLT;
    e1->u.nval = n;
  }
  return 1;
}


/*
** Emit code for unary expressions that "produce values"
** (everything but 'not').
** Expression to produce final result will be encoded in 'e'.
*/
static void codeunexpval (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, expdesc *e, int line) {
  int r = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);  /* opcodes operate only on registers */
  freeexp(fs, e);
  e->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, op, 0, r, 0);  /* generate opcode */
  e->k = VRELOCABLE;  /* all those operations are relocatable */
  luaK_fixline(fs, line);
}


/*
** Emit code for binary expressions that "produce values"
** (everything but logical operators 'and'/'or' and comparison
** operators).
** Expression to produce final result will be encoded in 'e1'.
** Because 'luaK_exp2RK' can free registers, its calls must be
** in "stack order" (that is, first on 'e2', which may have more
** recent registers to be released).
*/
static void codebinexpval (FuncState *fs, OpCode op,
                           expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int line) {
  int rk2 = luaK_exp2RK(fs, e2);  /* both operands are "RK" */
  int rk1 = luaK_exp2RK(fs, e1);
  freeexps(fs, e1, e2);
  e1->u.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, op, 0, rk1, rk2);  /* generate opcode */
  e1->k = VRELOCABLE;  /* all those operations are relocatable */
  luaK_fixline(fs, line);
}


/*
** Emit code for comparisons.
** 'e1' was already put in R/K form by 'luaK_infix'.
*/
static void codecomp (FuncState *fs, BinOpr opr, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) {
  int rk1 = (e1->k == VK) ? RKASK(e1->u.info)
                          : check_exp(e1->k == VNONRELOC, e1->u.info);
  int rk2 = luaK_exp2RK(fs, e2);
  freeexps(fs, e1, e2);
  switch (opr) {
    case OPR_NE: {  /* '(a ~= b)' ==> 'not (a == b)' */
      e1->u.info = condjump(fs, OP_EQ, 0, rk1, rk2);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_GT: case OPR_GE: {
      /* '(a > b)' ==> '(b < a)';  '(a >= b)' ==> '(b <= a)' */
      OpCode op = cast(OpCode, (opr - OPR_NE) + OP_EQ);
      e1->u.info = condjump(fs, op, 1, rk2, rk1);  /* invert operands */
      break;
    }
    default: {  /* '==', '<', '<=' use their own opcodes */
      OpCode op = cast(OpCode, (opr - OPR_EQ) + OP_EQ);
      e1->u.info = condjump(fs, op, 1, rk1, rk2);
      break;
    }
  }
  e1->k = VJMP;
}


/*
** Aplly prefix operation 'op' to expression 'e'.
*/
void luaK_prefix (FuncState *fs, UnOpr op, expdesc *e, int line) {
  static const expdesc ef = {VKINT, {0}, NO_JUMP, NO_JUMP};
  switch (op) {
    case OPR_MINUS: case OPR_BNOT:  /* use 'ef' as fake 2nd operand */
      if (constfolding(fs, op + LUA_OPUNM, e, &ef))
        break;
      /* FALLTHROUGH */
    case OPR_LEN:
      codeunexpval(fs, cast(OpCode, op + OP_UNM), e, line);
      break;
    case OPR_NOT: codenot(fs, e); break;
    default: lua_assert(0);
  }
}


/*
** Process 1st operand 'v' of binary operation 'op' before reading
** 2nd operand.
*/
void luaK_infix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, expdesc *v) {
  switch (op) {
    case OPR_AND: {
      luaK_goiftrue(fs, v);  /* go ahead only if 'v' is true */
      break;
    }
    case OPR_OR: {
      luaK_goiffalse(fs, v);  /* go ahead only if 'v' is false */
      break;
    }
    case OPR_CONCAT: {
      luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, v);  /* operand must be on the 'stack' */
      break;
    }
    case OPR_ADD: case OPR_SUB:
    case OPR_MUL: case OPR_DIV: case OPR_IDIV:
    case OPR_MOD: case OPR_POW:
    case OPR_BAND: case OPR_BOR: case OPR_BXOR:
    case OPR_SHL: case OPR_SHR: {
      if (!tonumeral(v, NULL))
        luaK_exp2RK(fs, v);
      /* else keep numeral, which may be folded with 2nd operand */
      break;
    }
    default: {
      luaK_exp2RK(fs, v);
      break;
    }
  }
}


/*
** Finalize code for binary operation, after reading 2nd operand.
** For '(a .. b .. c)' (which is '(a .. (b .. c))', because
** concatenation is right associative), merge second CONCAT into first
** one.
*/
void luaK_posfix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op,
                  expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2, int line) {
  switch (op) {
    case OPR_AND: {
      lua_assert(e1->t == NO_JUMP);  /* list closed by 'luK_infix' */
      luaK_dischargevars(fs, e2);
      luaK_concat(fs, &e2->f, e1->f);
      *e1 = *e2;
      break;
    }
    case OPR_OR: {
      lua_assert(e1->f == NO_JUMP);  /* list closed by 'luK_infix' */
      luaK_dischargevars(fs, e2);
      luaK_concat(fs, &e2->t, e1->t);
      *e1 = *e2;
      break;
    }
    case OPR_CONCAT: {
      luaK_exp2val(fs, e2);
      if (e2->k == VRELOCABLE &&
          GET_OPCODE(getinstruction(fs, e2)) == OP_CONCAT) {
        lua_assert(e1->u.info == GETARG_B(getinstruction(fs, e2))-1);
        freeexp(fs, e1);
        SETARG_B(getinstruction(fs, e2), e1->u.info);
        e1->k = VRELOCABLE; e1->u.info = e2->u.info;
      }
      else {
        luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e2);  /* operand must be on the 'stack' */
        codebinexpval(fs, OP_CONCAT, e1, e2, line);
      }
      break;
    }
    case OPR_ADD: case OPR_SUB: case OPR_MUL: case OPR_DIV:
    case OPR_IDIV: case OPR_MOD: case OPR_POW:
    case OPR_BAND: case OPR_BOR: case OPR_BXOR:
    case OPR_SHL: case OPR_SHR: {
      if (!constfolding(fs, op + LUA_OPADD, e1, e2))
        codebinexpval(fs, cast(OpCode, op + OP_ADD), e1, e2, line);
      break;
    }
    case OPR_EQ: case OPR_LT: case OPR_LE:
    case OPR_NE: case OPR_GT: case OPR_GE: {
      codecomp(fs, op, e1, e2);
      break;
    }
    default: lua_assert(0);
  }
}


/*
** Change line information associated with current position.
*/
void luaK_fixline (FuncState *fs, int line) {
  fs->f->lineinfo[fs->pc - 1] = line;
}


/*
** Emit a SETLIST instruction.
** 'base' is register that keeps table;
** 'nelems' is #table plus those to be stored now;
** 'tostore' is number of values (in registers 'base + 1',...) to add to
** table (or LUA_MULTRET to add up to stack top).
*/
void luaK_setlist (FuncState *fs, int base, int nelems, int tostore) {
  int c =  (nelems - 1)/LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH + 1;
  int b = (tostore == LUA_MULTRET) ? 0 : tostore;
  lua_assert(tostore != 0 && tostore <= LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH);
  if (c <= MAXARG_C)
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETLIST, base, b, c);
  else if (c <= MAXARG_Ax) {
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETLIST, base, b, 0);
    codeextraarg(fs, c);
  }
  else
    luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, "constructor too long");
  fs->freereg = base + 1;  /* free registers with list values */
}

llex.c

/*
** $Id: llex.c,v 2.96.1.1 2017/04/19 17:20:42 roberto Exp $
** Lexical Analyzer
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define llex_c
#define LUA_CORE

#include "lprefix.h"


#include <locale.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "lua.h"

#include "lctype.h"
#include "ldebug.h"
//#include "ldo.h"
//#include "lgc.h"
#include "llex.h"
#include "lobject.h"
#include "lparser.h"//state类型
#include "lstate.h"//类型
#include "lstring.h"//字符串处理函数
#include "ltable.h"//luaH lua hash
#include "lzio.h"//zio



#define next(ls) (ls->current = zgetc(ls->z))



#define currIsNewline(ls)	(ls->current == '\n' || ls->current == '\r')


/* ORDER RESERVED */
static const char *const luaX_tokens [] = {
    "and", "break", "do", "else", "elseif",
    "end", "false", "for", "function", "goto", "if",
    "in", "local", "nil", "not", "or", "repeat",
    "return", "then", "true", "until", "while",
    "//", "..", "...", "==", ">=", "<=", "~=",
    "<<", ">>", "::", "<eof>",
    "<number>", "<integer>", "<name>", "<string>"
};


#define save_and_next(ls) (save(ls, ls->current), next(ls))


static l_noret lexerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg, int token);


static void save (LexState *ls, int c) {
  Mbuffer *b = ls->buff;
  if (luaZ_bufflen(b) + 1 > luaZ_sizebuffer(b)) {
    size_t newsize;
    if (luaZ_sizebuffer(b) >= MAX_SIZE/2)
      lexerror(ls, "lexical element too long", 0);
    newsize = luaZ_sizebuffer(b) * 2;
    luaZ_resizebuffer(ls->L, b, newsize);
  }
  b->buffer[luaZ_bufflen(b)++] = cast(char, c);
}


void luaX_init (lua_State *L) {
  int i;
  TString *e = luaS_newliteral(L, LUA_ENV);  /* create env name */
  //luaC_fix(L, obj2gco(e));  /* never collect this name */
  for (i=0; i<NUM_RESERVED; i++) {
    TString *ts = luaS_new(L, luaX_tokens[i]);
    //luaC_fix(L, obj2gco(ts));  /* reserved words are never collected */
    ts->extra = cast_byte(i+1);  /* reserved word */
  }
}


const char *luaX_token2str (LexState *ls, int token) {
  if (token < FIRST_RESERVED) {  /* single-byte symbols? */
    lua_assert(token == cast_uchar(token));
    return luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "'%c'", token);
  }
  else {
    const char *s = luaX_tokens[token - FIRST_RESERVED];
    if (token < TK_EOS)  /* fixed format (symbols and reserved words)? */
      return luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "'%s'", s);
    else  /* names, strings, and numerals */
      return s;
  }
}


static const char *txtToken (LexState *ls, int token) {
  switch (token) {
    case TK_NAME: case TK_STRING:
    case TK_FLT: case TK_INT:
      save(ls, '\0');
      return luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "'%s'", luaZ_buffer(ls->buff));
    default:
      return luaX_token2str(ls, token);
  }
}


static l_noret lexerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg, int token) {
  msg = luaG_addinfo(ls->L, msg, ls->source, ls->linenumber);
  if (token)
    luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "%s near %s", msg, txtToken(ls, token));
  //luaD_throw(ls->L, LUA_ERRSYNTAX);
}


l_noret luaX_syntaxerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg) {
  lexerror(ls, msg, ls->t.token);
}


/*
** creates a new string and anchors it in scanner's table so that
** it will not be collected until the end of the compilation
** (by that time it should be anchored somewhere)
*/
TString *luaX_newstring (LexState *ls, const char *str, size_t l) {
  lua_State *L = ls->L;
  TValue *o;  /* entry for 'str' */
  TString *ts = luaS_newlstr(L, str, l);  /* create new string */
  setsvalue2s(L, L->top++, ts);  /* temporarily anchor it in stack */
  o = luaH_set(L, ls->h, L->top - 1);
  if (ttisnil(o)) {  /* not in use yet? */
    /* boolean value does not need GC barrier;
       table has no metatable, so it does not need to invalidate cache */
    setbvalue(o, 1);  /* t[string] = true */
    //luaC_checkGC(L);
  }
  else {  /* string already present */
    ts = tsvalue(keyfromval(o));  /* re-use value previously stored */
  }
  L->top--;  /* remove string from stack */
  return ts;
}


/*
** increment line number and skips newline sequence (any of
** \n, \r, \n\r, or \r\n)
*/
static void inclinenumber (LexState *ls) {
  int old = ls->current;
  lua_assert(currIsNewline(ls));
  next(ls);  /* skip '\n' or '\r' */
  if (currIsNewline(ls) && ls->current != old)
    next(ls);  /* skip '\n\r' or '\r\n' */
  if (++ls->linenumber >= MAX_INT)
    lexerror(ls, "chunk has too many lines", 0);
}


void luaX_setinput (lua_State *L, LexState *ls, ZIO *z, TString *source,
                    int firstchar) {
  ls->t.token = 0;
  ls->L = L;
  ls->current = firstchar;
  ls->lookahead.token = TK_EOS;  /* no look-ahead token */
  ls->z = z;
  ls->fs = NULL;
  ls->linenumber = 1;
  ls->lastline = 1;
  ls->source = source;
  ls->envn = luaS_newliteral(L, LUA_ENV);  /* get env name */
  luaZ_resizebuffer(ls->L, ls->buff, LUA_MINBUFFER);  /* initialize buffer */
}



/*
** =======================================================
** LEXICAL ANALYZER
** =======================================================
*/


static int check_next1 (LexState *ls, int c) {
  if (ls->current == c) {
    next(ls);
    return 1;
  }
  else return 0;
}


/*
** Check whether current char is in set 'set' (with two chars) and
** saves it
*/
static int check_next2 (LexState *ls, const char *set) {
  lua_assert(set[2] == '\0');
  if (ls->current == set[0] || ls->current == set[1]) {
    save_and_next(ls);
    return 1;
  }
  else return 0;
}


/* LUA_NUMBER */
/*
** this function is quite liberal in what it accepts, as 'luaO_str2num'
** will reject ill-formed numerals.
*/
static int read_numeral (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo) {
  TValue obj;
  const char *expo = "Ee";
  int first = ls->current;
  lua_assert(lisdigit(ls->current));
  save_and_next(ls);
  if (first == '0' && check_next2(ls, "xX"))  /* hexadecimal? */
    expo = "Pp";
  for (;;) {
    if (check_next2(ls, expo))  /* exponent part? */
      check_next2(ls, "-+");  /* optional exponent sign */
    if (lisxdigit(ls->current))
      save_and_next(ls);
    else if (ls->current == '.')
      save_and_next(ls);
    else break;
  }
  save(ls, '\0');
  if (luaO_str2num(luaZ_buffer(ls->buff), &obj) == 0)  /* format error? */
    lexerror(ls, "malformed number", TK_FLT);
  if (ttisinteger(&obj)) {
    seminfo->i = ivalue(&obj);
    return TK_INT;
  }
  else {
    lua_assert(ttisfloat(&obj));
    seminfo->r = fltvalue(&obj);
    return TK_FLT;
  }
}


/*
** skip a sequence '[=*[' or ']=*]'; if sequence is well formed, return
** its number of '='s; otherwise, return a negative number (-1 iff there
** are no '='s after initial bracket)
*/
static int skip_sep (LexState *ls) {
  int count = 0;
  int s = ls->current;
  lua_assert(s == '[' || s == ']');
  save_and_next(ls);
  while (ls->current == '=') {
    save_and_next(ls);
    count++;
  }
  return (ls->current == s) ? count : (-count) - 1;
}


static void read_long_string (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo, int sep) {
  int line = ls->linenumber;  /* initial line (for error message) */
  save_and_next(ls);  /* skip 2nd '[' */
  if (currIsNewline(ls))  /* string starts with a newline? */
    inclinenumber(ls);  /* skip it */
  for (;;) {
    switch (ls->current) {
      case EOZ: {  /* error */
        const char *what = (seminfo ? "string" : "comment");
        const char *msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L,
                     "unfinished long %s (starting at line %d)", what, line);
        lexerror(ls, msg, TK_EOS);
        break;  /* to avoid warnings */
      }
      case ']': {
        if (skip_sep(ls) == sep) {
          save_and_next(ls);  /* skip 2nd ']' */
          goto endloop;
        }
        break;
      }
      case '\n': case '\r': {
        save(ls, '\n');
        inclinenumber(ls);
        if (!seminfo) luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);  /* avoid wasting space */
        break;
      }
      default: {
        if (seminfo) save_and_next(ls);
        else next(ls);
      }
    }
  } endloop:
  if (seminfo)
    seminfo->ts = luaX_newstring(ls, luaZ_buffer(ls->buff) + (2 + sep),
                                     luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff) - 2*(2 + sep));
}


static void esccheck (LexState *ls, int c, const char *msg) {
  if (!c) {
    if (ls->current != EOZ)
      save_and_next(ls);  /* add current to buffer for error message */
    lexerror(ls, msg, TK_STRING);
  }
}


static int gethexa (LexState *ls) {
  save_and_next(ls);
  esccheck (ls, lisxdigit(ls->current), "hexadecimal digit expected");
  return luaO_hexavalue(ls->current);
}


static int readhexaesc (LexState *ls) {
  int r = gethexa(ls);
  r = (r << 4) + gethexa(ls);
  luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, 2);  /* remove saved chars from buffer */
  return r;
}


static unsigned long readutf8esc (LexState *ls) {
  unsigned long r;
  int i = 4;  /* chars to be removed: '\', 'u', '{', and first digit */
  save_and_next(ls);  /* skip 'u' */
  esccheck(ls, ls->current == '{', "missing '{'");
  r = gethexa(ls);  /* must have at least one digit */
  while ((save_and_next(ls), lisxdigit(ls->current))) {
    i++;
    r = (r << 4) + luaO_hexavalue(ls->current);
    esccheck(ls, r <= 0x10FFFF, "UTF-8 value too large");
  }
  esccheck(ls, ls->current == '}', "missing '}'");
  next(ls);  /* skip '}' */
  luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, i);  /* remove saved chars from buffer */
  return r;
}


static void utf8esc (LexState *ls) {
  char buff[UTF8BUFFSZ];
  int n = luaO_utf8esc(buff, readutf8esc(ls));
  for (; n > 0; n--)  /* add 'buff' to string */
    save(ls, buff[UTF8BUFFSZ - n]);
}


static int readdecesc (LexState *ls) {
  int i;
  int r = 0;  /* result accumulator */
  for (i = 0; i < 3 && lisdigit(ls->current); i++) {  /* read up to 3 digits */
    r = 10*r + ls->current - '0';
    save_and_next(ls);
  }
  esccheck(ls, r <= UCHAR_MAX, "decimal escape too large");
  luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, i);  /* remove read digits from buffer */
  return r;
}


static void read_string (LexState *ls, int del, SemInfo *seminfo) {
  save_and_next(ls);  /* keep delimiter (for error messages) */
  while (ls->current != del) {
    switch (ls->current) {
      case EOZ:
        lexerror(ls, "unfinished string", TK_EOS);
        break;  /* to avoid warnings */
      case '\n':
      case '\r':
        lexerror(ls, "unfinished string", TK_STRING);
        break;  /* to avoid warnings */
      case '\\': {  /* escape sequences */
        int c;  /* final character to be saved */
        save_and_next(ls);  /* keep '\\' for error messages */
        switch (ls->current) {
          case 'a': c = '\a'; goto read_save;
          case 'b': c = '\b'; goto read_save;
          case 'f': c = '\f'; goto read_save;
          case 'n': c = '\n'; goto read_save;
          case 'r': c = '\r'; goto read_save;
          case 't': c = '\t'; goto read_save;
          case 'v': c = '\v'; goto read_save;
          case 'x': c = readhexaesc(ls); goto read_save;
          case 'u': utf8esc(ls);  goto no_save;
          case '\n': case '\r':
            inclinenumber(ls); c = '\n'; goto only_save;
          case '\\': case '\"': case '\'':
            c = ls->current; goto read_save;
          case EOZ: goto no_save;  /* will raise an error next loop */
          case 'z': {  /* zap following span of spaces */
            luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, 1);  /* remove '\\' */
            next(ls);  /* skip the 'z' */
            while (lisspace(ls->current)) {
              if (currIsNewline(ls)) inclinenumber(ls);
              else next(ls);
            }
            goto no_save;
          }
          default: {
            esccheck(ls, lisdigit(ls->current), "invalid escape sequence");
            c = readdecesc(ls);  /* digital escape '\ddd' */
            goto only_save;
          }
        }
       read_save:
         next(ls);
         /* go through */
       only_save:
         luaZ_buffremove(ls->buff, 1);  /* remove '\\' */
         save(ls, c);
         /* go through */
       no_save: break;
      }
      default:
        save_and_next(ls);
    }
  }
  save_and_next(ls);  /* skip delimiter */
  seminfo->ts = luaX_newstring(ls, luaZ_buffer(ls->buff) + 1,
                                   luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff) - 2);
}


static int llex (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo) {
  luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);
  for (;;) {
    switch (ls->current) {
      case '\n': case '\r': {  /* line breaks */
        inclinenumber(ls);//如果是hang的结束位置就跳到下一行
        break;
      }
      case ' ': case '\f': case '\t': case '\v': {  /* spaces */
        next(ls);//如果是无意义的字符就跳过
        break;
      }
      case '-': {  /* '-' or '--' (comment) */
        next(ls);//识别到-，处理注释。
        if (ls->current != '-') return '-';//如果不是注释就返回-
        /* else is a comment ，这是个注释字符串*/
        next(ls);//跳过第二个-
        if (ls->current == '[') {  /* long comment? 判断是不是长注释*/
          int sep = skip_sep(ls);//lua支持--[=== 123 ===],这里跳过并且获取等号的个数
          luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);  /* 'skip_sep' may dirty the buffer 重置一下buff，skip_sep有可能会污染buff*/
          if (sep >= 0) {
            read_long_string(ls, NULL, sep);  /* skip long comment ，跳过长注释*/
            luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);  /* previous call may dirty the buff.  重置一下buff */
            break;
          }
        }
        /* else short comment */
        while (!currIsNewline(ls) && ls->current != EOZ)//如果是短注释直接跳过当前行
          next(ls);  /* skip until end of line (or end of file) */
        break;
      }
      case '[': {  /* long string or simply '[' */
        int sep = skip_sep(ls);//跳过等号并返回等号个数
        if (sep >= 0) {
          read_long_string(ls, seminfo, sep);//读取长字符串并返回TK_STRING，告诉上一层这是一个字符串
          return TK_STRING;
        }
        else if (sep != -1)  /* '[=...' missing second bracket ，如果下一个还是[则显示错误*/
          lexerror(ls, "invalid long string delimiter", TK_STRING);
        return '[';//返回[符号
      }
      case '=': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '=')) return TK_EQ;//判断下一个是不是等号，如果是的话就是判断
        else return '=';//不是的话就是赋值
      }
      case '<': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '=')) return TK_LE;//判断下一个是不是等号，是的话就是小于或等于
        else if (check_next1(ls, '<')) return TK_SHL;//判断下一个是不是<，是的话就是左移
        else return '<';//都不是的话就是小于
      }
      case '>': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '=')) return TK_GE;//判断下一个是不是等号，是的话就是大于或等于
        else if (check_next1(ls, '>')) return TK_SHR;//判断下一个是不是>，是的话就是右移
        else return '>';
      }
      case '/': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '/')) return TK_IDIV;//判断下一个是不是/，是的话就是idiv，LUA_OPIDIV: performs floor division (//)
        else return '/';
      }
      case '~': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, '=')) return TK_NE;//判断下一个是不是等号，是的话就是不等于
        else return '~';//返回~
      }
      case ':': {
        next(ls);
        if (check_next1(ls, ':')) return TK_DBCOLON;//对于一个句柄的操作
        else return ':';
      }
      case '"': case '\'': {  /* short literal strings 短字符串*/
        read_string(ls, ls->current, seminfo);//获取短字符串
        return TK_STRING;//返回这是字符串
      }
      case '.': {  /* '.', '..', '...', or number 有可能是包的.，字符串连接符，不定参数和小数点*/
        save_and_next(ls);//保存并下一个
        if (check_next1(ls, '.')) {//如果第二个是点，也就是这可能是字符串连接符或者是不定参数
          if (check_next1(ls, '.'))//如果第三个是点，这是不定参数
            return TK_DOTS;   /* '...' 返回上层告诉这是不定参数*/
          else return TK_CONCAT;   /* '..' 返回上层告诉这是字符串连接符*/
        }
        else if (!lisdigit(ls->current)) return '.';//如果下一个不是数字，这是包操作点
        else return read_numeral(ls, seminfo);//这是小数点，读取并解析返回后面的值
      }
      case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
      case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': {
        return read_numeral(ls, seminfo);//读取到数字就读取并解析返回数值
      }
      case EOZ: {//如果这是文件的结尾
        return TK_EOS;//告诉上次层，解析结束
      }
      default: {
        if (lislalpha(ls->current)) {  /*lislalpha is lua is alphabetic，判断是不是字母 identifier or reserved word? 这是标识符还是保留字*/
          TString *ts;
          do {
            save_and_next(ls);
          } while (lislalnum(ls->current));//lislalnum is lua is alphanumeric，判断是不是字母或数字
          ts = luaX_newstring(ls, luaZ_buffer(ls->buff),
                                  luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff));//新建一个字符串
          seminfo->ts = ts;
          if (isreserved(ts))  /* reserved word? 这是保留字*/
            return ts->extra - 1 + FIRST_RESERVED;//返回保留字
          else {
            return TK_NAME;//这是个标示符
          }
        }
        else {  /* single-char tokens (+ - / ...) 这是简单的单词，例如+ - /等等*/
          int c = ls->current;
          next(ls);
          return c;//返回当前字符
        }
      }
    }
  }
}


void luaX_next (LexState *ls) {
  ls->lastline = ls->linenumber;
  if (ls->lookahead.token != TK_EOS) {  /* is there a look-ahead token? */
    ls->t = ls->lookahead;  /* use this one */
    ls->lookahead.token = TK_EOS;  /* and discharge it */
  }
  else
    ls->t.token = llex(ls, &ls->t.seminfo);  /* read next token */
}


int luaX_lookahead (LexState *ls) {
  lua_assert(ls->lookahead.token == TK_EOS);
  ls->lookahead.token = llex(ls, &ls->lookahead.seminfo);
  return ls->lookahead.token;
}

lparser.c

/*
** $Id: lparser.c,v 2.155.1.2 2017/04/29 18:11:40 roberto Exp $
** Lua Parser
** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
*/

#define lparser_c
#define LUA_CORE

#include "lprefix.h"


#include <string.h>

#include "lua.h"

#include "lcode.h"
#include "ldebug.h"
#include "ldo.h"
#include "lfunc.h"
#include "llex.h"
#include "lmem.h"
#include "lobject.h"
#include "lopcodes.h"
#include "lparser.h"
#include "lstate.h"
#include "lstring.h"
#include "ltable.h"



/* maximum number of local variables per function (must be smaller
   than 250, due to the bytecode format) */
#define MAXVARS		200


#define hasmultret(k)		((k) == VCALL || (k) == VVARARG)


/* because all strings are unified by the scanner, the parser
   can use pointer equality for string equality */
#define eqstr(a,b)	((a) == (b))


/*
** nodes for block list (list of active blocks)
*/
typedef struct BlockCnt {
  struct BlockCnt *previous;  /* chain */
  int firstlabel;  /* index of first label in this block */
  int firstgoto;  /* index of first pending goto in this block */
  lu_byte nactvar;  /* # active locals outside the block */
  lu_byte upval;  /* true if some variable in the block is an upvalue */
  lu_byte isloop;  /* true if 'block' is a loop */
} BlockCnt;



/*
** prototypes for recursive non-terminal functions
*/
static void statement (LexState *ls);
static void expr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v);


/* semantic error */
static l_noret semerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg) {
  ls->t.token = 0;  /* remove "near <token>" from final message */
  luaX_syntaxerror(ls, msg);
}


static l_noret error_expected (LexState *ls, int token) {
  luaX_syntaxerror(ls,
      luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "%s expected", luaX_token2str(ls, token)));
}


static l_noret errorlimit (FuncState *fs, int limit, const char *what) {
  lua_State *L = fs->ls->L;
  const char *msg;
  int line = fs->f->linedefined;
  const char *where = (line == 0)
                      ? "main function"
                      : luaO_pushfstring(L, "function at line %d", line);
  msg = luaO_pushfstring(L, "too many %s (limit is %d) in %s",
                             what, limit, where);
  luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, msg);
}


static void checklimit (FuncState *fs, int v, int l, const char *what) {
  if (v > l) errorlimit(fs, l, what);
}


static int testnext (LexState *ls, int c) {
  if (ls->t.token == c) {
    luaX_next(ls);
    return 1;
  }
  else return 0;
}


static void check (LexState *ls, int c) {
  if (ls->t.token != c)
    error_expected(ls, c);
}


static void checknext (LexState *ls, int c) {
  check(ls, c);
  luaX_next(ls);
}


#define check_condition(ls,c,msg)	{ if (!(c)) luaX_syntaxerror(ls, msg); }



static void check_match (LexState *ls, int what, int who, int where) {
  if (!testnext(ls, what)) {
    if (where == ls->linenumber)
      error_expected(ls, what);
    else {
      luaX_syntaxerror(ls, luaO_pushfstring(ls->L,
             "%s expected (to close %s at line %d)",
              luaX_token2str(ls, what), luaX_token2str(ls, who), where));
    }
  }
}


static TString *str_checkname (LexState *ls) {
  TString *ts;
  check(ls, TK_NAME);
  ts = ls->t.seminfo.ts;
  luaX_next(ls);
  return ts;
}


static void init_exp (expdesc *e, expkind k, int i) {
  e->f = e->t = NO_JUMP;
  e->k = k;
  e->u.info = i;
}


static void codestring (LexState *ls, expdesc *e, TString *s) {
  init_exp(e, VK, luaK_stringK(ls->fs, s));
}


static void checkname (LexState *ls, expdesc *e) {
  codestring(ls, e, str_checkname(ls));
}


static int registerlocalvar (LexState *ls, TString *varname) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  int oldsize = f->sizelocvars;
  luaM_growvector(ls->L, f->locvars, fs->nlocvars, f->sizelocvars,
                  LocVar, SHRT_MAX, "local variables");
  while (oldsize < f->sizelocvars)
    f->locvars[oldsize++].varname = NULL;
  f->locvars[fs->nlocvars].varname = varname;
  luaC_objbarrier(ls->L, f, varname);
  return fs->nlocvars++;
}


static void new_localvar (LexState *ls, TString *name) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Dyndata *dyd = ls->dyd;
  int reg = registerlocalvar(ls, name);
  checklimit(fs, dyd->actvar.n + 1 - fs->firstlocal,
                  MAXVARS, "local variables");
  luaM_growvector(ls->L, dyd->actvar.arr, dyd->actvar.n + 1,
                  dyd->actvar.size, Vardesc, MAX_INT, "local variables");
  dyd->actvar.arr[dyd->actvar.n++].idx = cast(short, reg);
}


static void new_localvarliteral_ (LexState *ls, const char *name, size_t sz) {
  new_localvar(ls, luaX_newstring(ls, name, sz));
}

#define new_localvarliteral(ls,v) \
	new_localvarliteral_(ls, "" v, (sizeof(v)/sizeof(char))-1)


static LocVar *getlocvar (FuncState *fs, int i) {
  int idx = fs->ls->dyd->actvar.arr[fs->firstlocal + i].idx;
  lua_assert(idx < fs->nlocvars);
  return &fs->f->locvars[idx];
}

//调整本地变量
static void adjustlocalvars (LexState *ls, int nvars) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  fs->nactvar = cast_byte(fs->nactvar + nvars);//转换字节，增加nvars个活动局部变量的数量
  for (; nvars; nvars--) {
    getlocvar(fs, fs->nactvar - nvars)->startpc = fs->pc;//nvars个变量的startpc地址为当前函数pc
  }
}


static void removevars (FuncState *fs, int tolevel) {
  fs->ls->dyd->actvar.n -= (fs->nactvar - tolevel);
  while (fs->nactvar > tolevel)
    getlocvar(fs, --fs->nactvar)->endpc = fs->pc;
}


static int searchupvalue (FuncState *fs, TString *name) {
  int i;
  Upvaldesc *up = fs->f->upvalues;
  for (i = 0; i < fs->nups; i++) {
    if (eqstr(up[i].name, name)) return i;
  }
  return -1;  /* not found */
}


static int newupvalue (FuncState *fs, TString *name, expdesc *v) {
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  int oldsize = f->sizeupvalues;
  checklimit(fs, fs->nups + 1, MAXUPVAL, "upvalues");
  luaM_growvector(fs->ls->L, f->upvalues, fs->nups, f->sizeupvalues,
                  Upvaldesc, MAXUPVAL, "upvalues");
  while (oldsize < f->sizeupvalues)
    f->upvalues[oldsize++].name = NULL;
  f->upvalues[fs->nups].instack = (v->k == VLOCAL);
  f->upvalues[fs->nups].idx = cast_byte(v->u.info);
  f->upvalues[fs->nups].name = name;
  luaC_objbarrier(fs->ls->L, f, name);
  return fs->nups++;
}


static int searchvar (FuncState *fs, TString *n) {
  int i;
  for (i = cast_int(fs->nactvar) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    if (eqstr(n, getlocvar(fs, i)->varname))
      return i;
  }
  return -1;  /* not found */
}


/*
  Mark block where variable at given level was defined
  (to emit close instructions later).
*/
static void markupval (FuncState *fs, int level) {
  BlockCnt *bl = fs->bl;
  while (bl->nactvar > level)
    bl = bl->previous;
  bl->upval = 1;
}


/*
  Find variable with given name 'n'. If it is an upvalue, add this
  upvalue into all intermediate functions.
*/
static void singlevaraux (FuncState *fs, TString *n, expdesc *var, int base) {
  if (fs == NULL)  /* no more levels? */
    init_exp(var, VVOID, 0);  /* default is global */
  else {
    int v = searchvar(fs, n);  /* look up locals at current level */
    if (v >= 0) {  /* found? */
      init_exp(var, VLOCAL, v);  /* variable is local */
      if (!base)
        markupval(fs, v);  /* local will be used as an upval */
    }
    else {  /* not found as local at current level; try upvalues */
      int idx = searchupvalue(fs, n);  /* try existing upvalues */
      if (idx < 0) {  /* not found? */
        singlevaraux(fs->prev, n, var, 0);  /* try upper levels */
        if (var->k == VVOID)  /* not found? */
          return;  /* it is a global */
        /* else was LOCAL or UPVAL */
        idx  = newupvalue(fs, n, var);  /* will be a new upvalue */
      }
      init_exp(var, VUPVAL, idx);  /* new or old upvalue */
    }
  }
}


static void singlevar (LexState *ls, expdesc *var) {
  TString *varname = str_checkname(ls);
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  singlevaraux(fs, varname, var, 1);
  if (var->k == VVOID) {  /* global name? */
    expdesc key;
    singlevaraux(fs, ls->envn, var, 1);  /* get environment variable */
    lua_assert(var->k != VVOID);  /* this one must exist */
    codestring(ls, &key, varname);  /* key is variable name */
    luaK_indexed(fs, var, &key);  /* env[varname] */
  }
}


static void adjust_assign (LexState *ls, int nvars, int nexps, expdesc *e) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int extra = nvars - nexps;
  if (hasmultret(e->k)) {
    extra++;  /* includes call itself */
    if (extra < 0) extra = 0;
    luaK_setreturns(fs, e, extra);  /* last exp. provides the difference */
    if (extra > 1) luaK_reserveregs(fs, extra-1);
  }
  else {
    if (e->k != VVOID) luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e);  /* close last expression */
    if (extra > 0) {
      int reg = fs->freereg;
      luaK_reserveregs(fs, extra);
      luaK_nil(fs, reg, extra);
    }
  }
  if (nexps > nvars)
    ls->fs->freereg -= nexps - nvars;  /* remove extra values */
}


static void enterlevel (LexState *ls) {//进入层
  lua_State *L = ls->L;//进入这一层
  ++L->nCcalls;//嵌套调用的数量加1
  checklimit(ls->fs, L->nCcalls, LUAI_MAXCCALLS, "C levels");
}


#define leavelevel(ls)	((ls)->L->nCcalls--)


static void closegoto (LexState *ls, int g, Labeldesc *label) {
  int i;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Labellist *gl = &ls->dyd->gt;
  Labeldesc *gt = &gl->arr[g];
  lua_assert(eqstr(gt->name, label->name));
  if (gt->nactvar < label->nactvar) {
    TString *vname = getlocvar(fs, gt->nactvar)->varname;
    const char *msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L,
      "<goto %s> at line %d jumps into the scope of local '%s'",
      getstr(gt->name), gt->line, getstr(vname));
    semerror(ls, msg);
  }
  luaK_patchlist(fs, gt->pc, label->pc);
  /* remove goto from pending list */
  for (i = g; i < gl->n - 1; i++)
    gl->arr[i] = gl->arr[i + 1];
  gl->n--;
}


/*
** try to close a goto with existing labels; this solves backward jumps
*/
static int findlabel (LexState *ls, int g) {
  int i;
  BlockCnt *bl = ls->fs->bl;
  Dyndata *dyd = ls->dyd;
  Labeldesc *gt = &dyd->gt.arr[g];
  /* check labels in current block for a match */
  for (i = bl->firstlabel; i < dyd->label.n; i++) {
    Labeldesc *lb = &dyd->label.arr[i];
    if (eqstr(lb->name, gt->name)) {  /* correct label? */
      if (gt->nactvar > lb->nactvar &&
          (bl->upval || dyd->label.n > bl->firstlabel))
        luaK_patchclose(ls->fs, gt->pc, lb->nactvar);
      closegoto(ls, g, lb);  /* close it */
      return 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;  /* label not found; cannot close goto */
}


static int newlabelentry (LexState *ls, Labellist *l, TString *name,
                          int line, int pc) {
  int n = l->n;
  luaM_growvector(ls->L, l->arr, n, l->size,
                  Labeldesc, SHRT_MAX, "labels/gotos");
  l->arr[n].name = name;
  l->arr[n].line = line;
  l->arr[n].nactvar = ls->fs->nactvar;
  l->arr[n].pc = pc;
  l->n = n + 1;
  return n;
}


/*
** check whether new label 'lb' matches any pending gotos in current
** block; solves forward jumps
*/
static void findgotos (LexState *ls, Labeldesc *lb) {
  Labellist *gl = &ls->dyd->gt;
  int i = ls->fs->bl->firstgoto;
  while (i < gl->n) {
    if (eqstr(gl->arr[i].name, lb->name))
      closegoto(ls, i, lb);
    else
      i++;
  }
}


/*
** export pending gotos to outer level, to check them against
** outer labels; if the block being exited has upvalues, and
** the goto exits the scope of any variable (which can be the
** upvalue), close those variables being exited.
*/
static void movegotosout (FuncState *fs, BlockCnt *bl) {
  int i = bl->firstgoto;
  Labellist *gl = &fs->ls->dyd->gt;
  /* correct pending gotos to current block and try to close it
     with visible labels */
  while (i < gl->n) {
    Labeldesc *gt = &gl->arr[i];
    if (gt->nactvar > bl->nactvar) {
      if (bl->upval)
        luaK_patchclose(fs, gt->pc, bl->nactvar);
      gt->nactvar = bl->nactvar;
    }
    if (!findlabel(fs->ls, i))
      i++;  /* move to next one */
  }
}


static void enterblock (FuncState *fs, BlockCnt *bl, lu_byte isloop) {
  bl->isloop = isloop;
  bl->nactvar = fs->nactvar;
  bl->firstlabel = fs->ls->dyd->label.n;
  bl->firstgoto = fs->ls->dyd->gt.n;
  bl->upval = 0;
  bl->previous = fs->bl;
  fs->bl = bl;
  lua_assert(fs->freereg == fs->nactvar);
}


/*
** create a label named 'break' to resolve break statements
*/
static void breaklabel (LexState *ls) {
  TString *n = luaS_new(ls->L, "break");
  int l = newlabelentry(ls, &ls->dyd->label, n, 0, ls->fs->pc);
  findgotos(ls, &ls->dyd->label.arr[l]);
}

/*
** generates an error for an undefined 'goto'; choose appropriate
** message when label name is a reserved word (which can only be 'break')
*/
static l_noret undefgoto (LexState *ls, Labeldesc *gt) {
  const char *msg = isreserved(gt->name)
                    ? "<%s> at line %d not inside a loop"
                    : "no visible label '%s' for <goto> at line %d";
  msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, msg, getstr(gt->name), gt->line);
  semerror(ls, msg);
}


static void leaveblock (FuncState *fs) {
  BlockCnt *bl = fs->bl;
  LexState *ls = fs->ls;
  if (bl->previous && bl->upval) {
    /* create a 'jump to here' to close upvalues */
    int j = luaK_jump(fs);
    luaK_patchclose(fs, j, bl->nactvar);
    luaK_patchtohere(fs, j);
  }
  if (bl->isloop)
    breaklabel(ls);  /* close pending breaks */
  fs->bl = bl->previous;
  removevars(fs, bl->nactvar);
  lua_assert(bl->nactvar == fs->nactvar);
  fs->freereg = fs->nactvar;  /* free registers */
  ls->dyd->label.n = bl->firstlabel;  /* remove local labels */
  if (bl->previous)  /* inner block? */
    movegotosout(fs, bl);  /* update pending gotos to outer block */
  else if (bl->firstgoto < ls->dyd->gt.n)  /* pending gotos in outer block? */
    undefgoto(ls, &ls->dyd->gt.arr[bl->firstgoto]);  /* error */
}


/*
** adds a new prototype into list of prototypes
*/
static Proto *addprototype (LexState *ls) {
  Proto *clp;
  lua_State *L = ls->L;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Proto *f = fs->f;  /* prototype of current function */
  if (fs->np >= f->sizep) {
    int oldsize = f->sizep;
    luaM_growvector(L, f->p, fs->np, f->sizep, Proto *, MAXARG_Bx, "functions");
    while (oldsize < f->sizep)
      f->p[oldsize++] = NULL;
  }
  f->p[fs->np++] = clp = luaF_newproto(L);
  luaC_objbarrier(L, f, clp);
  return clp;
}


/*
** codes instruction to create new closure in parent function.
** The OP_CLOSURE instruction must use the last available register,
** so that, if it invokes the GC, the GC knows which registers
** are in use at that time.
代码在父函数中创建新闭包的指令。
OP_CLOSURE指令必须使用最后一个可用的寄存器，
因此，如果它调用GC，则GC知道哪些寄存器当时正在使用。
*/
static void codeclosure (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs->prev;
  init_exp(v, VRELOCABLE, luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_CLOSURE, 0, fs->np - 1));
  luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, v);  /* fix it at the last register */
}


static void open_func (LexState *ls, FuncState *fs, BlockCnt *bl) {
  Proto *f;
  fs->prev = ls->fs;  /* linked list of funcstates */
  fs->ls = ls;
  ls->fs = fs;
  fs->pc = 0;
  fs->lasttarget = 0;
  fs->jpc = NO_JUMP;
  fs->freereg = 0;
  fs->nk = 0;
  fs->np = 0;
  fs->nups = 0;
  fs->nlocvars = 0;
  fs->nactvar = 0;
  fs->firstlocal = ls->dyd->actvar.n;
  fs->bl = NULL;
  f = fs->f;
  f->source = ls->source;
  f->maxstacksize = 2;  /* registers 0/1 are always valid */
  enterblock(fs, bl, 0);
}


static void close_func (LexState *ls) {
  lua_State *L = ls->L;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  luaK_ret(fs, 0, 0);  /* final return */
  leaveblock(fs);
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->code, f->sizecode, fs->pc, Instruction);
  f->sizecode = fs->pc;
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->lineinfo, f->sizelineinfo, fs->pc, int);
  f->sizelineinfo = fs->pc;
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->k, f->sizek, fs->nk, TValue);
  f->sizek = fs->nk;
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->p, f->sizep, fs->np, Proto *);
  f->sizep = fs->np;
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->locvars, f->sizelocvars, fs->nlocvars, LocVar);
  f->sizelocvars = fs->nlocvars;
  luaM_reallocvector(L, f->upvalues, f->sizeupvalues, fs->nups, Upvaldesc);
  f->sizeupvalues = fs->nups;
  lua_assert(fs->bl == NULL);
  ls->fs = fs->prev;
  luaC_checkGC(L);
}



/*============================================================*/
/* GRAMMAR RULES */
/*============================================================*/


/*
** check whether current token is in the follow set of a block.
** 'until' closes syntactical blocks, but do not close scope,
** so it is handled in separate.
检查当前令牌是否在块的跟随集中。
'until'关闭语法块，但不关闭范围，
所以它是分开处理的。
*/
static int block_follow (LexState *ls, int withuntil) {
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case TK_ELSE: case TK_ELSEIF:
    case TK_END: case TK_EOS:
      return 1;
    case TK_UNTIL: return withuntil;
    default: return 0;
  }
}


static void statlist (LexState *ls) {
  /* statlist -> { stat [';'] } */
  while (!block_follow(ls, 1)) {//检查当前令牌是否在块的跟随集的里面
    if (ls->t.token == TK_RETURN) {//如果这是返回的单词
      statement(ls);
      return;  /* 'return' must be last statement */
    }
    statement(ls);
  }
}


static void fieldsel (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* fieldsel -> ['.' | ':'] NAME */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc key;
  luaK_exp2anyregup(fs, v);
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip the dot or colon */
  checkname(ls, &key);
  luaK_indexed(fs, v, &key);
}


static void yindex (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* index -> '[' expr ']' */
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip the '[' */
  expr(ls, v);
  luaK_exp2val(ls->fs, v);
  checknext(ls, ']');
}


/*
** {======================================================================
** Rules for Constructors
** =======================================================================
*/


struct ConsControl {
  expdesc v;  /* last list item read */
  expdesc *t;  /* table descriptor */
  int nh;  /* total number of 'record' elements */
  int na;  /* total number of array elements */
  int tostore;  /* number of array elements pending to be stored */
};


static void recfield (LexState *ls, struct ConsControl *cc) {//变量或者table赋值
  /* recfield -> (NAME | '['exp1']') = exp1 */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int reg = ls->fs->freereg;
  expdesc key, val;
  int rkkey;
  if (ls->t.token == TK_NAME) {
    checklimit(fs, cc->nh, MAX_INT, "items in a constructor");
    checkname(ls, &key);
  }
  else  /* ls->t.token == '[' */
    yindex(ls, &key);
  cc->nh++;
  checknext(ls, '=');
  rkkey = luaK_exp2RK(fs, &key);
  expr(ls, &val);
  luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETTABLE, cc->t->u.info, rkkey, luaK_exp2RK(fs, &val));
  fs->freereg = reg;  /* free registers */
}


static void closelistfield (FuncState *fs, struct ConsControl *cc) {
  if (cc->v.k == VVOID) return;  /* there is no list item */
  luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &cc->v);
  cc->v.k = VVOID;
  if (cc->tostore == LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH) {
    luaK_setlist(fs, cc->t->u.info, cc->na, cc->tostore);  /* flush */
    cc->tostore = 0;  /* no more items pending */
  }
}


static void lastlistfield (FuncState *fs, struct ConsControl *cc) {
  if (cc->tostore == 0) return;
  if (hasmultret(cc->v.k)) {
    luaK_setmultret(fs, &cc->v);
    luaK_setlist(fs, cc->t->u.info, cc->na, LUA_MULTRET);
    cc->na--;  /* do not count last expression (unknown number of elements) */
  }
  else {
    if (cc->v.k != VVOID)
      luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &cc->v);
    luaK_setlist(fs, cc->t->u.info, cc->na, cc->tostore);
  }
}


static void listfield (LexState *ls, struct ConsControl *cc) {
  /* listfield -> exp */
  expr(ls, &cc->v);
  checklimit(ls->fs, cc->na, MAX_INT, "items in a constructor");
  cc->na++;
  cc->tostore++;
}


static void field (LexState *ls, struct ConsControl *cc) {//领域
  /* field -> listfield | recfield */
  switch(ls->t.token) {
    case TK_NAME: {  /* may be 'listfield' or 'recfield' 如果这是一个名字，这个很可能是一个列表领域或者rec领域（rec还不知道是什么）*/
      if (luaX_lookahead(ls) != '=')  /* expression? 这是表达式？*/
        listfield(ls, cc);//列表领域
      else
        recfield(ls, cc);//rec领域，rec还不知道是什么
      break;
    }
    case '[': {
      recfield(ls, cc);//rec领域，rec还不知道是什么
      break;
    }
    default: {
      listfield(ls, cc);//列表领域
      break;
    }
  }
}


static void constructor (LexState *ls, expdesc *t) {//构造函数，构造一个table
  /* constructor -> '{' [ field { sep field } [sep] ] '}'
     sep -> ',' | ';' */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int line = ls->linenumber;
  int pc = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_NEWTABLE, 0, 0, 0);
  struct ConsControl cc;
  cc.na = cc.nh = cc.tostore = 0;
  cc.t = t;
  init_exp(t, VRELOCABLE, pc);
  init_exp(&cc.v, VVOID, 0);  /* no value (yet) */
  luaK_exp2nextreg(ls->fs, t);  /* fix it at stack top */
  checknext(ls, '{');
  do {
    lua_assert(cc.v.k == VVOID || cc.tostore > 0);
    if (ls->t.token == '}') break;
    closelistfield(fs, &cc);
    field(ls, &cc);
  } while (testnext(ls, ',') || testnext(ls, ';'));
  check_match(ls, '}', '{', line);
  lastlistfield(fs, &cc);
  SETARG_B(fs->f->code[pc], luaO_int2fb(cc.na)); /* set initial array size */
  SETARG_C(fs->f->code[pc], luaO_int2fb(cc.nh));  /* set initial table size */
}

/* }====================================================================== */



static void parlist (LexState *ls) {
  /* parlist -> [ param { ',' param } ] */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Proto *f = fs->f;
  int nparams = 0;
  f->is_vararg = 0;
  if (ls->t.token != ')') {  /* is 'parlist' not empty? */
    do {
      switch (ls->t.token) {
        case TK_NAME: {  /* param -> NAME 如果下一个单词是一个标识符*/
          new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls));
          nparams++;
          break;
        }
        case TK_DOTS: {  /* param -> '...' 这是一个不定参数*/
          luaX_next(ls);
          f->is_vararg = 1;  /* declared vararg 已声明的参数标志*/
          break;
        }
        default: luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "<name> or '...' expected");
      }
    } while (!f->is_vararg && testnext(ls, ','));//判断是不是下一个逗号，是的话,继续读取参数列表
  }
  adjustlocalvars(ls, nparams);//增加 nparams 个本地变量
  f->numparams = cast_byte(fs->nactvar);//增加 nparams 个参数数量
  luaK_reserveregs(fs, fs->nactvar);  /* reserve register for parameters 为参数保留寄存器*/
}


static void body (LexState *ls, expdesc *e, int ismethod, int line) {
  /* body ->  '(' parlist ')' block END */
  FuncState new_fs;
  BlockCnt bl;
  new_fs.f = addprototype(ls);//添加原型类型到原型列表里
  new_fs.f->linedefined = line;
  open_func(ls, &new_fs, &bl);//初始化一个新的new_fs变量和进入下一块
  checknext(ls, '(');//检查下一个字符是不是(
  if (ismethod) {//如果这是一个方法
    new_localvarliteral(ls, "self");  /* create 'self' parameter 创建一个名字为self的参数*///通过字符串新建一个变量，new_localvar与new_localvarliteral的区别就是输入参数是lua_string类型
    adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);//添加一个本地变量
  }
  parlist(ls);//解析参数列表
  checknext(ls, ')');//判断下一个字符是不是)
  statlist(ls);//递归处理函数体
  new_fs.f->lastlinedefined = ls->linenumber;
  check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_FUNCTION, line);//匹配下一个单词是不是end，不是就报错
  codeclosure(ls, e);//闭包，代码在父函数中创建新闭包的指令。OP_CLOSURE指令必须使用最后一个可用的寄存器，因此，如果它调用GC，则GC知道哪些寄存器当时正在使用。
  close_func(ls);//关闭new_fs，离开这一个块和检查gc
}


static int explist (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* explist -> expr { ',' expr } */
  int n = 1;  /* at least one expression */
  expr(ls, v);
  while (testnext(ls, ',')) {
    luaK_exp2nextreg(ls->fs, v);
    expr(ls, v);
    n++;
  }
  return n;
}


static void funcargs (LexState *ls, expdesc *f, int line) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc args;
  int base, nparams;
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case '(': {  /* funcargs -> '(' [ explist ] ')' */
      luaX_next(ls);
      if (ls->t.token == ')')  /* arg list is empty? */
        args.k = VVOID;
      else {
        explist(ls, &args);
        luaK_setmultret(fs, &args);
      }
      check_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
      break;
    }
    case '{': {  /* funcargs -> constructor */
      constructor(ls, &args);
      break;
    }
    case TK_STRING: {  /* funcargs -> STRING */
      codestring(ls, &args, ls->t.seminfo.ts);
      luaX_next(ls);  /* must use 'seminfo' before 'next' */
      break;
    }
    default: {
      luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "function arguments expected");
    }
  }
  lua_assert(f->k == VNONRELOC);
  base = f->u.info;  /* base register for call */
  if (hasmultret(args.k))
    nparams = LUA_MULTRET;  /* open call */
  else {
    if (args.k != VVOID)
      luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &args);  /* close last argument */
    nparams = fs->freereg - (base+1);
  }
  init_exp(f, VCALL, luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CALL, base, nparams+1, 2));//初始化vcall变量，用于定义一次调用操作
  luaK_fixline(fs, line);
  fs->freereg = base+1;  /* call remove function and arguments and leaves
                            (unless changed) one result */
}




/*
** {======================================================================
** Expression parsing
** =======================================================================
*/


static void primaryexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* primaryexp -> NAME | '(' expr ')' */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case '(': {
      int line = ls->linenumber;
      luaX_next(ls);
      expr(ls, v);
      check_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
      luaK_dischargevars(ls->fs, v);
      return;
    }
    case TK_NAME: {
      singlevar(ls, v);
      return;
    }
    default: {
      luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "unexpected symbol");
    }
  }
}


static void suffixedexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* suffixedexp ->
       primaryexp { '.' NAME | '[' exp ']' | ':' NAME funcargs | funcargs } */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int line = ls->linenumber;
  primaryexp(ls, v);
  for (;;) {
    switch (ls->t.token) {
      case '.': {  /* fieldsel */
        fieldsel(ls, v);
        break;
      }
      case '[': {  /* '[' exp1 ']' */
        expdesc key;
        luaK_exp2anyregup(fs, v);
        yindex(ls, &key);
        luaK_indexed(fs, v, &key);
        break;
      }
      case ':': {  /* ':' NAME funcargs */
        expdesc key;
        luaX_next(ls);
        checkname(ls, &key);
        luaK_self(fs, v, &key);
        funcargs(ls, v, line);
        break;
      }
      case '(': case TK_STRING: case '{': {  /* funcargs */
        luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, v);
        funcargs(ls, v, line);
        break;
      }
      default: return;
    }
  }
}


static void simpleexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* simpleexp -> FLT | INT | STRING | NIL | TRUE | FALSE | ... |
                  constructor | FUNCTION body | suffixedexp */
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case TK_FLT: {
      init_exp(v, VKFLT, 0);
      v->u.nval = ls->t.seminfo.r;
      break;
    }
    case TK_INT: {
      init_exp(v, VKINT, 0);
      v->u.ival = ls->t.seminfo.i;
      break;
    }
    case TK_STRING: {
      codestring(ls, v, ls->t.seminfo.ts);
      break;
    }
    case TK_NIL: {
      init_exp(v, VNIL, 0);
      break;
    }
    case TK_TRUE: {
      init_exp(v, VTRUE, 0);
      break;
    }
    case TK_FALSE: {
      init_exp(v, VFALSE, 0);
      break;
    }
    case TK_DOTS: {  /* vararg */
      FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
      check_condition(ls, fs->f->is_vararg,
                      "cannot use '...' outside a vararg function");
      init_exp(v, VVARARG, luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_VARARG, 0, 1, 0));
      break;
    }
    case '{': {  /* constructor */
      constructor(ls, v);
      return;
    }
    case TK_FUNCTION: {
      luaX_next(ls);
      body(ls, v, 0, ls->linenumber);
      return;
    }
    default: {
      suffixedexp(ls, v);
      return;
    }
  }
  luaX_next(ls);
}


static UnOpr getunopr (int op) {
  switch (op) {
    case TK_NOT: return OPR_NOT;
    case '-': return OPR_MINUS;
    case '~': return OPR_BNOT;
    case '#': return OPR_LEN;
    default: return OPR_NOUNOPR;
  }
}


static BinOpr getbinopr (int op) {
  switch (op) {
    case '+': return OPR_ADD;
    case '-': return OPR_SUB;
    case '*': return OPR_MUL;
    case '%': return OPR_MOD;
    case '^': return OPR_POW;
    case '/': return OPR_DIV;
    case TK_IDIV: return OPR_IDIV;
    case '&': return OPR_BAND;
    case '|': return OPR_BOR;
    case '~': return OPR_BXOR;
    case TK_SHL: return OPR_SHL;
    case TK_SHR: return OPR_SHR;
    case TK_CONCAT: return OPR_CONCAT;
    case TK_NE: return OPR_NE;
    case TK_EQ: return OPR_EQ;
    case '<': return OPR_LT;
    case TK_LE: return OPR_LE;
    case '>': return OPR_GT;
    case TK_GE: return OPR_GE;
    case TK_AND: return OPR_AND;
    case TK_OR: return OPR_OR;
    default: return OPR_NOBINOPR;
  }
}


static const struct {
  lu_byte left;  /* left priority for each binary operator */
  lu_byte right; /* right priority */
} priority[] = {  /* ORDER OPR */
   {10, 10}, {10, 10},           /* '+' '-' */
   {11, 11}, {11, 11},           /* '*' '%' */
   {14, 13},                  /* '^' (right associative) */
   {11, 11}, {11, 11},           /* '/' '//' */
   {6, 6}, {4, 4}, {5, 5},   /* '&' '|' '~' */
   {7, 7}, {7, 7},           /* '<<' '>>' */
   {9, 8},                   /* '..' (right associative) */
   {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3},   /* ==, <, <= */
   {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3},   /* ~=, >, >= */
   {2, 2}, {1, 1}            /* and, or */
};

#define UNARY_PRIORITY	12  /* priority for unary operators */


/*
** subexpr -> (simpleexp | unop subexpr) { binop subexpr }
** where 'binop' is any binary operator with a priority higher than 'limit'
*/
static BinOpr subexpr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v, int limit) {
  BinOpr op;
  UnOpr uop;
  enterlevel(ls);
  uop = getunopr(ls->t.token);
  if (uop != OPR_NOUNOPR) {
    int line = ls->linenumber;
    luaX_next(ls);
    subexpr(ls, v, UNARY_PRIORITY);
    luaK_prefix(ls->fs, uop, v, line);
  }
  else simpleexp(ls, v);
  /* expand while operators have priorities higher than 'limit' */
  op = getbinopr(ls->t.token);
  while (op != OPR_NOBINOPR && priority[op].left > limit) {
    expdesc v2;
    BinOpr nextop;
    int line = ls->linenumber;
    luaX_next(ls);
    luaK_infix(ls->fs, op, v);
    /* read sub-expression with higher priority */
    nextop = subexpr(ls, &v2, priority[op].right);
    luaK_posfix(ls->fs, op, v, &v2, line);
    op = nextop;
  }
  leavelevel(ls);
  return op;  /* return first untreated operator */
}


static void expr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {//读取条件
  subexpr(ls, v, 0);
}

/* }==================================================================== */



/*
** {======================================================================
** Rules for Statements
** =======================================================================
*/

//解析下一块
static void block (LexState *ls) {
  /* block -> statlist */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  BlockCnt bl;
  enterblock(fs, &bl, 0);
  statlist(ls);
  leaveblock(fs);
}


/*
** structure to chain all variables in the left-hand side of an
** assignment
*/
struct LHS_assign {
  struct LHS_assign *prev;
  expdesc v;  /* variable (global, local, upvalue, or indexed) */
};


/*
** check whether, in an assignment to an upvalue/local variable, the
** upvalue/local variable is begin used in a previous assignment to a
** table. If so, save original upvalue/local value in a safe place and
** use this safe copy in the previous assignment.
*/
static void check_conflict (LexState *ls, struct LHS_assign *lh, expdesc *v) {
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int extra = fs->freereg;  /* eventual position to save local variable */
  int conflict = 0;
  for (; lh; lh = lh->prev) {  /* check all previous assignments */
    if (lh->v.k == VINDEXED) {  /* assigning to a table? */
      /* table is the upvalue/local being assigned now? */
      if (lh->v.u.ind.vt == v->k && lh->v.u.ind.t == v->u.info) {
        conflict = 1;
        lh->v.u.ind.vt = VLOCAL;
        lh->v.u.ind.t = extra;  /* previous assignment will use safe copy */
      }
      /* index is the local being assigned? (index cannot be upvalue) */
      if (v->k == VLOCAL && lh->v.u.ind.idx == v->u.info) {
        conflict = 1;
        lh->v.u.ind.idx = extra;  /* previous assignment will use safe copy */
      }
    }
  }
  if (conflict) {
    /* copy upvalue/local value to a temporary (in position 'extra') */
    OpCode op = (v->k == VLOCAL) ? OP_MOVE : OP_GETUPVAL;
    luaK_codeABC(fs, op, extra, v->u.info, 0);
    luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
  }
}

//进行赋值处理
static void assignment (LexState *ls, struct LHS_assign *lh, int nvars) {
  expdesc e;
  check_condition(ls, vkisvar(lh->v.k), "syntax error");//判断这是不是一个变量
  if (testnext(ls, ',')) {  /* assignment -> ',' suffixedexp assignment 如果下一个字符是逗号，则是一个多变量同时赋值*/
    struct LHS_assign nv;
    nv.prev = lh;
    suffixedexp(ls, &nv.v);
    if (nv.v.k != VINDEXED)
      check_conflict(ls, lh, &nv.v);
    checklimit(ls->fs, nvars + ls->L->nCcalls, LUAI_MAXCCALLS,
                    "C levels");
    assignment(ls, &nv, nvars+1);//递归处理
  }
  else {  /* assignment -> '=' explist */
    int nexps;
    checknext(ls, '=');//检查下一个是不是等号，不是的话报错
    nexps = explist(ls, &e);
    if (nexps != nvars)
      adjust_assign(ls, nvars, nexps, &e);
    else {
      luaK_setoneret(ls->fs, &e);  /* close last expression */
      luaK_storevar(ls->fs, &lh->v, &e);
      return;  /* avoid default */
    }
  }
  init_exp(&e, VNONRELOC, ls->fs->freereg-1);  /* default assignment */
  luaK_storevar(ls->fs, &lh->v, &e);
}

//执行条件判断
static int cond (LexState *ls) {
  /* cond -> exp */
  expdesc v;
  expr(ls, &v);  /* read condition */
  if (v.k == VNIL) v.k = VFALSE;  /* 'falses' are all equal here */
  luaK_goiftrue(ls->fs, &v);
  return v.f;
}


static void gotostat (LexState *ls, int pc) {
  int line = ls->linenumber;
  TString *label;
  int g;
  if (testnext(ls, TK_GOTO))//如果下一个单词是goto
    label = str_checkname(ls);//检查标签名
  else {
    luaX_next(ls);  /* skip break ，跳过break*/
    label = luaS_new(ls->L, "break");//新建一个名字为break的标签
  }
  g = newlabelentry(ls, &ls->dyd->gt, label, line, pc);//一个新的标签
  findlabel(ls, g);  /* close it if label already defined 如果这个标签已被定义就关闭它*/
}


/* check for repeated labels on the same block 检查同一个块里是否存在重复了的标签*/
static void checkrepeated (FuncState *fs, Labellist *ll, TString *label) {
  int i;
  for (i = fs->bl->firstlabel; i < ll->n; i++) {
    if (eqstr(label, ll->arr[i].name)) {
      const char *msg = luaO_pushfstring(fs->ls->L,
                          "label '%s' already defined on line %d",
                          getstr(label), ll->arr[i].line);
      semerror(fs->ls, msg);
    }
  }
}


/* skip no-op statements */
static void skipnoopstat (LexState *ls) {
  while (ls->t.token == ';' || ls->t.token == TK_DBCOLON)
    statement(ls);
}


static void labelstat (LexState *ls, TString *label, int line) {
  /* label -> '::' NAME '::' */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  Labellist *ll = &ls->dyd->label;
  int l;  /* index of new label being created */
  checkrepeated(fs, ll, label);  /* check for repeated labels 检查标签是否重复 */
  checknext(ls, TK_DBCOLON);  /* skip double colon 检查是否双冒号并next*/
  /* create new entry for this label 为此标签创建新条目*/
  l = newlabelentry(ls, ll, label, line, luaK_getlabel(fs));
  skipnoopstat(ls);  /* skip other no-op statements 跳过其他没有操作的声明*/
  if (block_follow(ls, 0)) {  /* label is last no-op statement in the block? */
    /* assume that locals are already out of scope */
    ll->arr[l].nactvar = fs->bl->nactvar;
  }
  findgotos(ls, &ll->arr[l]);//寻找goto
}


static void whilestat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* whilestat -> WHILE cond DO block END */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int whileinit;
  int condexit;
  BlockCnt bl;
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip WHILE */
  whileinit = luaK_getlabel(fs);//记录当前pc为下一次跳转的目的地址，用于在循环尾部跳转，returns current 'pc' and marks it as a jump target (to avoid wrong optimizations with consecutive instructions not in the same basic block).
  condexit = cond(ls);//获取条件
  enterblock(fs, &bl, 1);//进入块
  checknext(ls, TK_DO);//检查下一个是不是do，如果不是就报错
  block(ls);//解析下一个块
  luaK_jumpto(fs, whileinit);//跳回while init的未知继续判断条件。
  check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_WHILE, line);//检查是不是到了end
  leaveblock(fs);//离开当前块回到上一块
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, condexit);  /* false conditions finish the loop 结束这一个循环*/
}


static void repeatstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* repeatstat -> REPEAT block UNTIL cond */
  int condexit;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int repeat_init = luaK_getlabel(fs);//返回当前的pc和把它记录到下一个跳转的目标，用于尾部判断hours跳转
  BlockCnt bl1, bl2;
  enterblock(fs, &bl1, 1);  /* loop block 进入循环体*/
  enterblock(fs, &bl2, 0);  /* scope block 进入范围块*/
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip REPEAT 跳过repeat*/
  statlist(ls);//解析循环体
  check_match(ls, TK_UNTIL, TK_REPEAT, line);//检查下一个是不是until，如果不是就报错
  condexit = cond(ls);  /* read condition (inside scope block) 读取循环条件*/
  if (bl2.upval)  /* upvalues? lua的闭包里的upvalues，检查范围是不是闭包*/
    luaK_patchclose(fs, condexit, bl2.nactvar);//闭包
  leaveblock(fs);  /* finish scope 离开范围块*/
  luaK_patchlist(fs, condexit, repeat_init);  /* close the loop 判断是否需要继续循环，是的话就跳转到repeat_init*/
  leaveblock(fs);  /* finish loop 离开循环体*/
}


static int exp1 (LexState *ls) {
  expdesc e;
  int reg;
  expr(ls, &e);
  luaK_exp2nextreg(ls->fs, &e);
  lua_assert(e.k == VNONRELOC);
  reg = e.u.info;
  return reg;
}


static void forbody (LexState *ls, int base, int line, int nvars, int isnum) {
  /* forbody -> DO block */
  BlockCnt bl;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int prep, endfor;
  adjustlocalvars(ls, 3);  /* control variables 调整控制变量，增加三个本地变量，并且把他们的startpc赋值成当前函数的pc*/
  checknext(ls, TK_DO);//检查下一个是不是do
  prep = isnum ? luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_FORPREP, base, NO_JUMP) : luaK_jump(fs);//在fornum函数里isnum为1
  /*
  指令 OP_FORPREP end_label:
  从栈中得到循环变量 var1, $limit, $step//在fornum函数里isnum为1
  比较: 如果 var1 > $limit 则 (注1)
    从栈中移除 var1, $limit, $step 循环控制变量 (top -= 3)
 跳转到 end_label
  否则执行下一个指令, 也即循环体.(注1: 如果 $step 为负数, 则比较 var1 < $limit. 不影响我们语义理解的略去.)
  */
  enterblock(fs, &bl, 0);  /* scope for declared variables 已声明的变量的范围，进入循环体*/
  adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars);//增加一个本地变量，这里在for里nvars为1
  luaK_reserveregs(fs, nvars);//在寄存器对战中保留'nvars'寄存器，在for循环里nvars为1
  block(ls);//处理for循环体
  leaveblock(fs);  /* end of scope for declared variables 已声明的变量的范围的尾部，离开循环体*/
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, prep);
  if (isnum)  /* numeric for? 在for里isnum为1*/
  {
    endfor = luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_FORLOOP, base, NO_JUMP);//使用forloop指令
    /*
    指令 OP_FORLOOP begin_label:
    从栈中得到循环变量 var1, $limit, $step (并简单验证)
    var1 += $step 增加循环变量值
    如果 var1 > $limit 则
      从栈中移除 var1, $limit, $step 循环控制变量
    执行下一个代码, 即出了循环体.
      否则
      跳转到 begin_label 处执行, 即执行循环体.

    根据上述描述, Lua 虚拟机使用了相比硬件指令而言, 更高级的虚拟指令
    来支持实现 for 语句.

    对 forlist 形式的支持有相似性, 也是使用了两种新的指令帮助实现, 
    OP_LFORPREP 和 OP_LFORLOOP, 因其实现原理的相似性, 即略去不详述了.
    */
  }else {  /* generic for */
    luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_TFORCALL, base, 0, nvars);//使用forcall指令来执行通用的
    luaK_fixline(fs, line);
    endfor = luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_TFORLOOP, base + 2, NO_JUMP);//使用forloop指令
  }
  luaK_patchlist(fs, endfor, prep + 1);
  luaK_fixline(fs, line);
}


static void fornum (LexState *ls, TString *varname, int line) {
  /* fornum -> NAME = exp1,exp1[,exp1] forbody */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int base = fs->freereg;
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for index)");
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for limit)");
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for step)");//通过字符串新建一个变量，new_localvar与new_localvarliteral的区别就是输入参数是lua_string类型
  new_localvar(ls, varname);//通过变量名新建一个本地变量
  checknext(ls, '=');//检查下一个是不是等号，不是就报错
  exp1(ls);  /* initial value 执行初始化的语句*/
  checknext(ls, ',');//检查下一个是不是逗号，不是就报错
  exp1(ls);  /* limit 执行约束条件*/
  if (testnext(ls, ','))//如果下一个是逗号，是的话就执行可选的步骤
    exp1(ls);  /* optional step 执行可选步骤*/
  else {  /* default step = 1 */
    luaK_codek(fs, fs->freereg, luaK_intK(fs, 1));//将一个整数添加到常量列表并返回其索引，并且把常量加载到空闲的寄存器
    luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);//在寄存器堆栈中保留'1'寄存器
  }
  forbody(ls, base, line, 1, 1);//解析for的body部分
}


static void forlist (LexState *ls, TString *indexname) {
  /* forlist -> NAME {,NAME} IN explist forbody */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc e;
  int nvars = 4;  /* gen, state, control, plus at least one declared var */
  int line;
  int base = fs->freereg;
  /* create control variables */
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for generator)");
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)");
  new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for control)");//通过字符串新建一个变量，new_localvar与new_localvarliteral的区别就是输入参数是lua_string类型
  /* create declared variables */
  new_localvar(ls, indexname);//通过变量名新建一个本地变量
  while (testnext(ls, ',')) {//如果下一个是逗号，如果是就新建本地变量存放这些变量
    new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls));
    nvars++;
  }
  checknext(ls, TK_IN);//检查下一个是不是in，不是的话报错
  line = ls->linenumber;
  adjust_assign(ls, 3, explist(ls, &e), &e);//调整分配
  luaK_checkstack(fs, 3);  /* extra space to call generator 检查对战，检查调用通用生成器的外部空间*/
  forbody(ls, base, line, nvars - 3, 0);//nvars是控制变量的数量
}


static void forstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* forstat -> FOR (fornum | forlist) END */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  TString *varname;
  BlockCnt bl;
  enterblock(fs, &bl, 1);  /* scope for loop and control variables 循环和控制变量的范围*/
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip 'for' 跳过for*/
  varname = str_checkname(ls);  /* first variable name 第一个变量名*/
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case '=': fornum(ls, varname, line); break;//如果是赋值语句，变量
    case ',': case TK_IN: forlist(ls, varname); break;//如果是逗号或者in，使用forlist来解析，遍历循环
    default: luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "'=' or 'in' expected");
  }
  check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_FOR, line);//检查一下是不是end，防止出现语法错误，不是的话就报错
  leaveblock(fs);  /* loop scope ('break' jumps to this point) 离开这一块，回到上一块*/
}


static void test_then_block (LexState *ls, int *escapelist) {
  /* test_then_block -> [IF | ELSEIF] cond THEN block */
  BlockCnt bl;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc v;
  int jf;  /* instruction to skip 'then' code (if condition is false) */
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip IF or ELSEIF 跳过if 或者else if*/
  expr(ls, &v);  /* read condition 读取条件*/
  checknext(ls, TK_THEN);//检查下一个是不是then并且跳到下一个单词，如果不是就报错
  if (ls->t.token == TK_GOTO || ls->t.token == TK_BREAK) {//下一个是goto或者break单词
    luaK_goiffalse(ls->fs, &v);  /* will jump to label if condition is true ，当v条件成立时就跳转,这里只是压栈等操作，并不是直接跳转*/
    enterblock(fs, &bl, 0);  /* must enter block before 'goto' 必须在处理goto前先进入块*/
    gotostat(ls, v.t);  /* handle goto/break 处理goto或者break，执行跳转*/
    while (testnext(ls, ';')) {}  /* skip colons 跳过分号*/
    if (block_follow(ls, 0)) {  /* 'goto' is the entire block? goto 是整个块？尾部，0是返回值*/
      leaveblock(fs);//如果这是块的尾部，退出块
      return;  /* and that is it */
    }
    else  /* must skip over 'then' part if condition is false 如果条件为假必须跳过then部分*/
      jf = luaK_jump(fs);
  }
  else {  /* regular case (not goto/break) 常规语句，没有goto和break */
    luaK_goiftrue(ls->fs, &v);  /* skip over block if condition is false 如果条件为假，跳过块*/
    enterblock(fs, &bl, 0);//进入块
    jf = v.f;
  }
  statlist(ls);  /* 'then' part 递归解析*/
  leaveblock(fs);//离开当前块
  if (ls->t.token == TK_ELSE ||
      ls->t.token == TK_ELSEIF)  /* followed by 'else'/'elseif'? */
    luaK_concat(fs, escapelist, luaK_jump(fs));  /* must jump over it */
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, jf);
}


static void ifstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* ifstat -> IF cond THEN block {ELSEIF cond THEN block} [ELSE block] END */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  int escapelist = NO_JUMP;  /* exit list for finished parts */
  test_then_block(ls, &escapelist);  /* IF cond THEN block ，尝试是不是then语句，如果是解析if cond then语句*/
  while (ls->t.token == TK_ELSEIF) //循环处理elseif语句
    test_then_block(ls, &escapelist);  /* ELSEIF cond THEN block */
  if (testnext(ls, TK_ELSE))//最后是否存在else语句
    block(ls);  /* 'else' part 处理else语句*/
  check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_IF, line);//判断是结尾
  luaK_patchtohere(fs, escapelist);  /* patch escape list to 'if' end 打包这里，将“list”中的元素添加到“here”的待处理跳转列表中*/
}


static void localfunc (LexState *ls) {
  expdesc b;
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls));  /* new local variable，新建一个本地变量 */
  adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);  /* enter its scope 增加一个本地变量*/
  body(ls, &b, 0, ls->linenumber);  /* function created in next register 在下一个寄存器里创建一个函数，不是方法*/
  /* debug information will only see the variable after this point! */
  getlocvar(fs, b.u.info)->startpc = fs->pc;
}


static void localstat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> LOCAL NAME {',' NAME} ['=' explist] */
  int nvars = 0;
  int nexps;
  expdesc e;
  do {
    new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls));
    nvars++;
  } while (testnext(ls, ','));
  if (testnext(ls, '='))
    nexps = explist(ls, &e);
  else {
    e.k = VVOID;
    nexps = 0;
  }
  adjust_assign(ls, nvars, nexps, &e);
  adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars);
}


static int funcname (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
  /* funcname -> NAME {fieldsel} [':' NAME] */
  int ismethod = 0;
  singlevar(ls, v);
  while (ls->t.token == '.')
    fieldsel(ls, v);
  if (ls->t.token == ':') {
    ismethod = 1;
    fieldsel(ls, v);
  }
  return ismethod;
}


static void funcstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
  /* funcstat -> FUNCTION funcname body */
  int ismethod;
  expdesc v, b;
  luaX_next(ls);  /* skip FUNCTION 跳过function单词*/
  ismethod = funcname(ls, &v);//检查这是不是一个方法，并且检查是都存在对应的包
  body(ls, &b, ismethod, line);//进行函数的代码解析
  luaK_storevar(ls->fs, &v, &b);//恢复变量
  luaK_fixline(ls->fs, line);  /* definition "happens" in the first line ，Change line information associated with current position.*/
}


static void exprstat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> func | assignment */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  struct LHS_assign v;
  /*
  lua将表达式分为 主表达式 primaryexp 和 任意表达式 explist1。
  主表达式必须可以作为左值存在，能够被赋值，比如"a.b=1+2"，其中 "a.b"为主表达式，"1+2"不能为主表达式。
  在exprstat里，等号'='左边为一个主表达式，用primaryexp解析，有4种表达形式：
    exp; exp(exp); exp[exp]; exp.exp
    比如： a; a(1+2); a["b"]; a.b
  其他复杂形式为这4种形式的递归实现，如
    a.b.c = a.exp1
    exp1 = b.c
  再比如
    a(b.c).d() = exp1.exp2
    exp1 = a(exp3)
    exp2 = d()
    exp3 = b.c
  primaryexp先获取一个前缀表达式 prefixexp，如 "a()" 分解为"a" 和 "()"，其中 "a" 即为前缀。
  然后根据第2个token决定使用上面4种表达形式的哪一种，如"a()" 使用 exp(exp) 形式解析。
  primaryexp解析完后，判断当前expr是否为函数调用，如：
  "a()" 是函数调用
  "a().b" 不是函数调用
  "a().b()" 是函数调用
  若为函数调用，exprstat使用 func 产生式，否则使用 assignment 产生式，作为赋值语句处理。
  primaryexp -> prefixexp { `.' NAME | `[' exp `]' | `:' NAME funcargs | funcargs }
  对应上面的4种表达形式
  prefixexp.NAME 用于table取key值，如 "a.b" 等同于"a['b']"，这是lua的语法糖
  prefixexp[exp] 用于table取key值，key可以为一个表达式
  prefixexp:NAME() 用于table的成员函数调用，另一个语法糖，如 "a:b(c)" 等同于 "a.b(a,c)"，自动将当前table对象作为第一个参数插入，类似c++的this指针
  prefixexp() 用于函数调用，如 "a()"
  prefixexp -> NAME | `(` expr `)`
  前缀表达式可以为标识符，也可以一个表达式
  如 "a()" ，prefixexp使用 NAME 产生式
  如 "(a+1).d=1"，prefixexp使用 expr 产生式
  不要怀疑， "(a+1).d=1"，在lua里可以这样写，比如a为table，table又可以定义元方法，重载+运算符返回一个新table就可以了。
  */
  suffixedexp(ls, &v.v);//参数解析
  if (ls->t.token == '=' || ls->t.token == ',') { /* stat -> assignment ? 赋值语句*/
    v.prev = NULL;
    assignment(ls, &v, 1);
  }
  else {  /* stat -> func 一个函数*/
    check_condition(ls, v.v.k == VCALL, "syntax error");//判断这是不是一个函数
    SETARG_C(getinstruction(fs, &v.v), 1);  /* call statement uses no results */
  }
}


static void retstat (LexState *ls) {
  /* stat -> RETURN [explist] [';'] */
  FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
  expdesc e;
  int first, nret;  /* registers with returned values */
  if (block_follow(ls, 1) || ls->t.token == ';')
    first = nret = 0;  /* return no values */
  else {
    nret = explist(ls, &e);  /* optional return values */
    if (hasmultret(e.k)) {
      luaK_setmultret(fs, &e);
      if (e.k == VCALL && nret == 1) {  /* tail call? */
        SET_OPCODE(getinstruction(fs,&e), OP_TAILCALL);
        lua_assert(GETARG_A(getinstruction(fs,&e)) == fs->nactvar);
      }
      first = fs->nactvar;
      nret = LUA_MULTRET;  /* return all values */
    }
    else {
      if (nret == 1)  /* only one single value? */
        first = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, &e);
      else {
        luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &e);  /* values must go to the stack */
        first = fs->nactvar;  /* return all active values */
        lua_assert(nret == fs->freereg - first);
      }
    }
  }
  luaK_ret(fs, first, nret);
  testnext(ls, ';');  /* skip optional semicolon */
}


static void statement (LexState *ls) {//解析声明
  int line = ls->linenumber;  /* may be needed for error messages */
  enterlevel(ls);//进入这一层，初始化当前luastate
  switch (ls->t.token) {
    case ';': {  /* stat -> ';' (empty statement) ;可以忽略*/
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip ';' */
      break;
    }
    case TK_IF: {  /* stat -> ifstat 如果这是if判断语句*/
      ifstat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_WHILE: {  /* stat -> whilestat */
      whilestat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_DO: {  /* stat -> DO block END */
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip DO 跳过do*/
      block(ls);//解析下一块
      check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_DO, line);//检查是不是到了end
      break;
    }
    case TK_FOR: {  /* stat -> forstat */
      forstat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    /*
    Lua 编程语言中 repeat...until 循环语句不同于 for 和 while循环，for 和 while 循环的条件语句在当前循环执行开始时判断，而 repeat...until 循环的条件语句在当前循环结束后判断。
    语法
    Lua 编程语言中 repeat...until 循环语法格式:
    repeat
      statements
    until( condition )
    */
    case TK_REPEAT: {  /* stat -> repeatstat */
      repeatstat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_FUNCTION: {  /* stat -> funcstat */
      funcstat(ls, line);
      break;
    }
    case TK_LOCAL: {  /* stat -> localstat */
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip LOCAL 跳过local*/
      if (testnext(ls, TK_FUNCTION))  /* local function? 下一个单词是function？这是一个local function？*/
        localfunc(ls);//本地函数
      else
        localstat(ls);//本地变量
      break;
    }
    case TK_DBCOLON: {  /* stat -> label */
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip double colon 跳过两个冒号*/
      labelstat(ls, str_checkname(ls), line);//
      break;
    }
    case TK_RETURN: {  /* stat -> retstat 这是一个返回*/
      luaX_next(ls);  /* skip RETURN */
      retstat(ls);
      break;
    }
    case TK_BREAK:   /* stat -> breakstat */
    case TK_GOTO: {  /* stat -> 'goto' NAME */
      gotostat(ls, luaK_jump(ls->fs));
      break;
    }
    default: {  /* stat -> func | assignment */
      /*
      除去if、while、local、return等控制语句，exprstat表示一条执行语句，包含赋值和函数调用两类，如 "a=1" 和 "print()"
      */
      exprstat(ls);
      break;
    }
  }
  lua_assert(ls->fs->f->maxstacksize >= ls->fs->freereg &&
             ls->fs->freereg >= ls->fs->nactvar);
  ls->fs->freereg = ls->fs->nactvar;  /* free registers 释放寄存器*/
  leavelevel(ls);
}

/* }====================================================================== */


/*
** compiles the main function, which is a regular vararg function with an
** upvalue named LUA_ENV
*/
static void mainfunc (LexState *ls, FuncState *fs) {//编译主函数
  BlockCnt bl;
  expdesc v;
  open_func(ls, fs, &bl);
  fs->f->is_vararg = 1;  /* main function is always declared vararg */
  init_exp(&v, VLOCAL, 0);  /* create and... */
  newupvalue(fs, ls->envn, &v);  /* ...set environment upvalue */
  luaX_next(ls);  /* read first token 读第一个单词，注意是单词不是字符*/
  statlist(ls);  /* parse main body ，解析*/
  check(ls, TK_EOS);
  close_func(ls);
}


LClosure *luaY_parser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, Mbuffer *buff,
                       Dyndata *dyd, const char *name, int firstchar) {
  LexState lexstate;
  FuncState funcstate;
  LClosure *cl = luaF_newLclosure(L, 1);  /* create main closure */
  setclLvalue(L, L->top, cl);  /* anchor it (to avoid being collected) */
  luaD_inctop(L);
  lexstate.h = luaH_new(L);  /* create table for scanner */
  sethvalue(L, L->top, lexstate.h);  /* anchor it */
  luaD_inctop(L);
  funcstate.f = cl->p = luaF_newproto(L);
  funcstate.f->source = luaS_new(L, name);  /* create and anchor TString */
  lua_assert(iswhite(funcstate.f));  /* do not need barrier here */
  lexstate.buff = buff;
  lexstate.dyd = dyd;
  dyd->actvar.n = dyd->gt.n = dyd->label.n = 0;
  luaX_setinput(L, &lexstate, z, funcstate.f->source, firstchar);
  mainfunc(&lexstate, &funcstate);
  lua_assert(!funcstate.prev && funcstate.nups == 1 && !lexstate.fs);
  /* all scopes should be correctly finished */
  lua_assert(dyd->actvar.n == 0 && dyd->gt.n == 0 && dyd->label.n == 0);
  L->top--;  /* remove scanner's table */
  return cl;  /* closure is on the stack, too */
}