Linux学习-MySQL之SQL语句(二)

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已于 2022-02-18 08:16:42 修改

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分类专栏： Linux 文章标签： mysql linux

于 2021-06-24 17:31:01 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/xuwenpeng/article/details/118192743

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MySQL数据类型

数值型
- 精确数值
int(tinyint,smallint,mediumint,int,bigint)
decimal(定点数)
- 近似数值
float
double
real
字符型
定长：char、binary（区分大小写）
变长：varchar、varbinary(区分大小写)
text(tinytext,text,mediumtext,longtext)
blob(tinyblob,blob,mediumblob,longblob)
ENUM,SET
日期时间型
date,time,datetime,timestamp
注：数据类型使用建议
1.采用从小原则，比如能用tinyint最好不用int,能用float不用double,这样在运行效率上会提高很大，尤其大量数据测试条件下
2.不需要把数据表设计的太过复杂，功能模块上区分或者后期维护更为方便，慎重出现大杂会数据表
3.效率和可扩展性折中
4.MyISAM数据存储引擎和数据列：MyISAM表中最好使用固定长度的数据列代替可变长度
5.MEMORY存储引擎和数据列：MEMORY数据表目前都使用固定长度的数据行存储，因此无论使用CHAR和VARCHAR 列都没有关系。两者都做CHAR处理
6.INNODB存储引擎和数据列：建议使用VARCHAR类型，对于INNODB数据表，内部的行存储格式没固定长度和可变长度列(所有数据行都使用指向数据列值的头指针)，因此在本质上，使用固定长度的char不一定比使用可变长度varchar列简单，因此主要的性能因素是数据行使用的存储总量，由于char平均占用的空间多于varchar,因此使用varchar来最小化需要处理的数据行存储总量和磁盘IO是比较好的。

数据类型定义

1.值类型
2.占据存储空间
3.定长还是变长
4.如何比较和排序
5.能否索引

#查看服务器支持的存储引擎
mysql> show engines;
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine             | Support | Comment                                                        | Transactions | XA   | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB             | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys     | YES          | YES  | YES        |
| MRG_MYISAM         | YES     | Collection of identical MyISAM tables                          | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| MEMORY             | YES     | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables      | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| BLACKHOLE          | YES     | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| MyISAM             | YES     | MyISAM storage engine                                          | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| CSV                | YES     | CSV storage engine                                             | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| ARCHIVE            | YES     | Archive storage engine                                         | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES     | Performance Schema                                             | NO           | NO   | NO         |
| FEDERATED          | NO      | Federated MySQL storage engine                                 | NULL         | NULL | NULL       |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#查看数据表状态信息
mysql> show table status like 'mytable'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: mytable
         Engine: InnoDB
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 0
 Avg_row_length: 0
    Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
   Index_length: 0
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: NULL
    Create_time: 2022-02-15 09:04:41
    Update_time: NULL
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: utf8_general_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options: 
        Comment: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#查看数据库服务器的字符集,创建表时没有指定字符集，会从创建的数据库中继承，创建数据库没有指定字符集，通过服务器继承
mysql> show character set;
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                 | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese    | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European           | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European           | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European            | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European        | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
| latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci   |      1 |
| swe7     | 7bit Swedish                | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| ascii    | US ASCII                    | ascii_general_ci    |      1 |
| ujis     | EUC-JP Japanese             | ujis_japanese_ci    |      3 |
| sjis     | Shift-JIS Japanese          | sjis_japanese_ci    |      2 |
| hebrew   | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew           | hebrew_general_ci   |      1 |
| tis620   | TIS620 Thai                 | tis620_thai_ci      |      1 |
| euckr    | EUC-KR Korean               | euckr_korean_ci     |      2 |
| koi8u    | KOI8-U Ukrainian            | koi8u_general_ci    |      1 |
| gb2312   | GB2312 Simplified Chinese   | gb2312_chinese_ci   |      2 |
| greek    | ISO 8859-7 Greek            | greek_general_ci    |      1 |
| cp1250   | Windows Central European    | cp1250_general_ci   |      1 |
| gbk      | GBK Simplified Chinese      | gbk_chinese_ci      |      2 |
| latin5   | ISO 8859-9 Turkish          | latin5_turkish_ci   |      1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian          | armscii8_general_ci |      1 |
| utf8     | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8_general_ci     |      3 |
| ucs2     | UCS-2 Unicode               | ucs2_general_ci     |      2 |
| cp866    | DOS Russian                 | cp866_general_ci    |      1 |
| keybcs2  | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak  | keybcs2_general_ci  |      1 |
| macce    | Mac Central European        | macce_general_ci    |      1 |
| macroman | Mac West European           | macroman_general_ci |      1 |
| cp852    | DOS Central European        | cp852_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin7   | ISO 8859-13 Baltic          | latin7_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf8mb4  | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8mb4_general_ci  |      4 |
| cp1251   | Windows Cyrillic            | cp1251_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf16    | UTF-16 Unicode              | utf16_general_ci    |      4 |
| utf16le  | UTF-16LE Unicode            | utf16le_general_ci  |      4 |
| cp1256   | Windows Arabic              | cp1256_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp1257   | Windows Baltic              | cp1257_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf32    | UTF-32 Unicode              | utf32_general_ci    |      4 |
| binary   | Binary pseudo charset       | binary              |      1 |
| geostd8  | GEOSTD8 Georgian            | geostd8_general_ci  |      1 |
| cp932    | SJIS for Windows Japanese   | cp932_japanese_ci   |      2 |
| eucjpms  | UJIS for Windows Japanese   | eucjpms_japanese_ci |      3 |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
40 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#查看排序规则，创建表时没有指定排序规则，会从创建的数据库中继承，创建数据库没有指定排序规则，通过服务器继承
mysql> show collation;
+--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+
| Collation                | Charset  | Id  | Default | Compiled | Sortlen |
+--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+
| big5_chinese_ci          | big5     |   1 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| big5_bin                 | big5     |  84 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| dec8_swedish_ci          | dec8     |   3 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| dec8_bin                 | dec8     |  69 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| cp850_general_ci         | cp850    |   4 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| cp850_bin                | cp850    |  80 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| hp8_english_ci           | hp8      |   6 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| hp8_bin                  | hp8      |  72 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| koi8r_general_ci         | koi8r    |   7 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| koi8r_bin                | koi8r    |  74 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_german1_ci        | latin1   |   5 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_swedish_ci        | latin1   |   8 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_danish_ci         | latin1   |  15 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_german2_ci        | latin1   |  31 |         | Yes      |       2 |
| latin1_bin               | latin1   |  47 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_general_ci        | latin1   |  48 |         | Yes      |       1 |
#查看服务器字符集设置
mysql> show variables like '%character%';
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                                                         |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                                                          |
| character_set_connection | utf8                                                          |
| character_set_database   | utf8                                                          |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                                                        |
| character_set_results    | utf8                                                          |
| character_set_server     | latin1                                                        |
| character_set_system     | utf8                                                          |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/local/mysql-5.6.10-linux-glibc2.5-x86_64/share/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL模型（数据违反规定时，SQL的处理方式）

ANSI QUOTES–双引号当单引号使用，单引号用来引用字符，
IGNORE_SPACE–在内建函数忽略空白字符
STRICT_ALL_TABLES–没有设置此项时，非法数据被允许，设置此项，违反数据规则的，则全部被拒绝，并抛出错误
STRICT_TRANS_TABLES–不允许向支持事务的表中插入非法数据，并返回错误
TRADITIONAL–严格模式，当向mysql数据库插入数据时，进行数据的严格校验，保证错误数据不能插入，报error错误。用于事物时，会进行事物的回滚。
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY–对于GROUP BY聚合操作，如果在SELECT中的列，没有在GROUP BY中出现，那么将认为这个SQL是不合法的，因为列不在GROUP BY从句中
NO_ZERO_IN_DATE–在严格模式，不接受月或日部分为0的日期。如果使用IGNORE选项，我们为类似的日期插入’0000-00-00’。在非严格模式，可以接受该日期，但会生成警告。
NO_ZERO_DATE–在严格模式，不要将 '0000-00-00’做为合法日期。你仍然可以用IGNORE选项插入零日期。在非严格模式，可以接受该日期，但会生成警告
ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO–在严格模式，在INSERT或UPDATE过程中，如果被零除(或MOD(X，0))，则产生错误(否则为警告)。如果未给出该模式，被零除时MySQL返回NULL。如果用到INSERT IGNORE或UPDATE IGNORE中，MySQL生成被零除警告，但操作结果为NULL。
NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER–防止GRANT自动创建新用户，除非还指定了密码。
NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION–如果需要的存储引擎被禁用或未编译，那么抛出错误。不设置此值时，用默认的存储引擎替代，并抛出一个异常。

#查看sql_mode
mysql> show global variables like 'sql_mode';
+---------------+------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value                  |
+---------------+------------------------+
| sql_mode      | NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |
+---------------+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

AUTO_INCREMENT

#使用auto_increment必须满足：1.数据类型必须为整型，2.数据必须是无符号的，3.一般设置为主键或唯一键(值不能相同)，4.必须非空
mysql> create table t2(id int auto_increment not null unique key,name char(30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc t2;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)  | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | char(30) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from t2;
+----+----------+
| id | name     |
+----+----------+
|  1 | zhangsan |
|  2 | wangwu   |
+----+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select last_insert_id();
+------------------+
| last_insert_id() |
+------------------+
|                2 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

MySQL服务器变量

作用域
+ 全局变量
查看全局变量show global variables
只有root用户可以修改
+ 会话变量
查看会话变量show [session] variables
所有用户可以修改
生效时间
可动态调整：不用重启服务器生效,即时调整，即时生效
静态：重启服务器生效,必须写入到配置文件或通过参数传递给mysqld
动态调整参数生效方式
全局：对当前会话无效，只对新建立的会话有效
会话：即时生效，只对当前会话有效
服务器变量：使用select @@查看变量

mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
+------------------------+
| @@global.sql_mode      |
+------------------------+
| NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select @@sql_mode;

设定变量值

SET GLOBAL|SESSION 变量名=值

mysql> set global sql_mode='strict_all_tables';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

SQL语句

#创建数据库语法
CREATE DATABASE|schema [IF NOT EXISTS] DB_NAME [CHARSET SET=charset name][collation=collation name]
#创建students数据库
mysql> create database if not exists students character set 'gbk' collate 'gbk_chinese_ci';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.23 sec)
#数据库创建完成后，在数据目录下，通过students目录下的db.opt,可以查看字符集和排序规则
[root@mail students]# cat db.opt
#数据库默认字符集
default-character-set=gbk
#默认排序规则
default-collation=gbk_chinese_ci
#删除数据库
DROP {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF EXISTS] db_name

创建表

直接定义一张空表
从其它表中查询出数据，并以之创建新表
以其它表为模板创建一张空表

CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tb_name (col_name col_definition,constraint) ENGINE [=] engine_name collate [=]collate_name comment[=]comment_name 
#注：键也称作约束，可称作索引，是特殊索引，B+树索引
#创建表
mysql> create table tb1(id int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,name char(20) not null,age tinyint not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.24 sec)

mysql> create table tb2(id int unsigned not null auto_increment,name char(20) not null,age tinyint not null,primary key(id));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> create table courses(cid tinyint unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,course varchar(50) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show table status like 'courses'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: courses
         Engine: InnoDB
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Compact
           Rows: 0
 Avg_row_length: 0
    Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
   Index_length: 0
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: 1
    Create_time: 2021-06-22 05:26:55
    Update_time: NULL
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: gbk_chinese_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options: 
        Comment: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#创建表时修改engine为MyISAM
mysql> create table courses(cid tinyint unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,course varchar(50) not null) engine=myisam;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show table status like 'courses'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: courses
         Engine: MyISAM
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 0
 Avg_row_length: 0
    Data_length: 0
Max_data_length: 281474976710655
   Index_length: 1024
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: 1
    Create_time: 2021-06-22 05:28:26
    Update_time: 2021-06-22 05:28:26
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: gbk_chinese_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options: 
        Comment: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#插入数据
mysql> insert into courses(course) values('Hamogong'),('Pixijianfa'),('kuihuabaodian');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
#显示表索引
mysql> show indexes from courses;
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table   | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| courses |          0 | PRIMARY  |            1 | cid         | A         |           3 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#通过查询的数据结果，将查询结果创建一张表，并将查询到的数据复制到新表
mysql> create table testcourses select * from courses where cid<=2;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from testcourses;
+-----+------------+
| cid | course     |
+-----+------------+
|   1 | Hamogong   |
|   2 | Pixijianfa |
+-----+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#创建一张表类似于courses
mysql> create table test like courses;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc test;
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| cid    | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| course | varchar(50)         | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc courses;
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| cid    | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| course | varchar(50)         | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

row_format

DEFAULT
DYNAMIC
FIXED
COMPRESSED
REDUNDANT
COMPACT
具体参见–innodb_row_format
具体参见–innodb_file_format

#查看当前默认定义的row_format
mysql> select @@innodb_default_row_format;
+-----------------------------+
| @@innodb_default_row_format |
+-----------------------------+
| dynamic                     |
+-----------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select @@global.innodb_default_row_format;
+------------------------------------+
| @@global.innodb_default_row_format |
+------------------------------------+
| dynamic                            |
+------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show variables like 'innodb_file_format%';
+--------------------------+-----------+
| Variable_name            | Value     |
+--------------------------+-----------+
| innodb_file_format       | Barracuda |
| innodb_file_format_check | ON        |
| innodb_file_format_max   | Barracuda |
+--------------------------+-----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

修改表定义

ALTER TABLE
	添加、删除、修改字段
	添加、删除、修改索引
	改表名
	修改表属性

# 添加唯一键索引
mysql> desc test;
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| cid    | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| course | varchar(50)         | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table test add unique key(course);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc test;
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| cid    | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| course | varchar(50)         | NO   | UNI | NULL    |                |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#修改表字段
mysql> desc test;
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| cid    | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| course | varchar(50)         | NO   | UNI | NULL    |                |
+--------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter table test change course courses varchar(50) not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc test;
+---------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field   | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+---------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| cid     | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| courses | varchar(50)         | NO   | UNI | NULL    |                |
+---------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#添加新字段
mysql> desc test;
+---------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field   | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+---------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| cid     | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| courses | varchar(50)         | NO   | UNI | NULL    |                |
+---------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter table test add starttime date default '2021-06-21';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc test;
+-----------+---------------------+------+-----+------------+----------------+
| Field     | Type                | Null | Key | Default    | Extra          |
+-----------+---------------------+------+-----+------------+----------------+
| cid       | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL       | auto_increment |
| courses   | varchar(50)         | NO   | UNI | NULL       |                |
| starttime | date                | YES  |     | 2021-06-21 |                |
+-----------+---------------------+------+-----+------------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#修改数据表名
mysql> alter table test rename to testcourse;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show tables;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_students |
+--------------------+
| courses            |
| testcourse         |
+--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

删除表

DROP [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF EXISTS]
tbl_name [, tbl_name] …
[RESTRICT | CASCADE]

mysql> create table student(sid int unsigned not null auto_increment primary key,name varchar(30),cid int not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name,cid) values('Yue Buqun',2),('Zhang Wuji',1);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+-----+------------+-----+
| sid | name       | cid |
+-----+------------+-----+
|   1 | Yue Buqun  |   2 |
|   2 | Zhang Wuji |   1 |
+-----+------------+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from courses;
+-----+---------------+
| cid | course        |
+-----+---------------+
|   1 | Hamogong      |
|   2 | Pixijianfa    |
|   3 | kuihuabaodian |
+-----+---------------+
mysql> select Name,course from student,courses where student.cid=courses.cid;
+------------+------------+
| Name       | course     |
+------------+------------+
| Yue Buqun  | Pixijianfa |
| Zhang Wuji | Hamogong   |
+------------+------------+
#如果表没有设置外键，则可以插入没有的数据
mysql> insert into student (name,cid) values ('Cheng Jialuo',5);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+-----+--------------+-----+
| sid | name         | cid |
+-----+--------------+-----+
|   1 | Yue Buqun    |   2 |
|   2 | Zhang Wuji   |   1 |
|   3 | Cheng Jialuo |   5 |
+-----+--------------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from student where cid='5';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

#给student表添加外键，两个表中的字段类型必须一致，表存储引擎必须支持事务，外键必须是另一个表的主键或者唯一键
#**外键使用会大量消耗系统资源，一般不建议使用**
mysql> alter table student add foreign key(cid) references courses(cid);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.23 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
#查看表索引
mysql> show indexes from student;
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table   | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| student |          0 | PRIMARY  |            1 | sid         | A         |           2 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | cid      |            1 | cid         | A         |           2 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from courses;
+-----+---------------+
| cid | course        |
+-----+---------------+
|   1 | Hamogong      |
|   2 | Pixijianfa    |
|   3 | kuihuabaodian |
+-----+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#如果插入的数据，关联的外键没有，则会出现报错
mysql> insert into student(name,cid)values('Chen Jialuo',5);
ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`students`.`student`, CONSTRAINT `student_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`cid`) REFERENCES `courses` (`cid`))
#如果数据被其它表中引用，则不能进行删除
mysql> delete from courses where cid ='2';
ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`students`.`student`, CONSTRAINT `student_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`cid`) REFERENCES `courses` (`cid`)

#创建索引
mysql> create index name_no_student on student(name) using btree;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
#显示表索引
mysql> show indexes from student;
+---------+------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table   | Non_unique | Key_name        | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| student |          0 | PRIMARY         |            1 | sid         | A         |           2 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | cid             |            1 | cid         | A         |           2 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| student |          1 | name_no_student |            1 | name        | A         |           2 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
+---------+------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#删除索引
mysql> drop index name_no_student on student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

问题：

mysql> create table t1(id int auto_increment,name char(30));
ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key

解决方法

因为表属性如果定义为auto_increment，那么此属性必须定义为主键或(唯一键非空)
mysql> create table t2(id int auto_increment not null unique key,name char(30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table t3(id int auto_increment not null primary key,name char(30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

问题

#给数据表添加外键时报错
mysql> alter table student add foreign key(cid) references courses(cid);
ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key constraint

解决方法

mysql> show table status like 'student'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: student
         Engine: InnoDB
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 2
 Avg_row_length: 8192
    Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
   Index_length: 0
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: 3
    Create_time: 2022-02-17 19:00:04
    Update_time: 2022-02-17 19:00:04
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: utf8_general_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options: 
        Comment: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR: 
No query specified

mysql> show table status like 'courses'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: courses
         Engine: MyISAM
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 3
 Avg_row_length: 20
    Data_length: 60
Max_data_length: 281474976710655
   Index_length: 3072
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: 4
    Create_time: 2022-02-17 18:37:14
    Update_time: 2022-02-17 18:37:14
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: utf8_general_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options: 
        Comment: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#注：发现两张表存储引擎不同，MyISAM存储引擎不支持外键，修改存储引擎后，创建外键成功
mysql> alter table courses engine=innodb;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table student add foreign key(cid) references courses(cid);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

转MySQL大表优化方案

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Linux学习-MySQL之SQL语句(二)

MySQL数据类型数值型- 精确数值intdecimal- 近似数值floatdoublereal字符型定长：char、binary变长：varchar、varbinarytextblobENUM,SET日期时间型date,time,datetime,timestamp数据类型定义1.值类型2.占据存储空间3.定长还是变长4.如何比较和排序5.能否索引#查看数据库服务器的字符集mysql> show character set;+---------
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