mesothelioma-弥漫性间皮瘤

【概述】

  好发于壁层胸膜或膈胸膜,常累及脏层胸膜、心包和纵隔。主要表现为多个光滑发亮肉芽肿,呈葡萄串或菜花状、半透明、灰白色或暗红色;或沿胸膜匍匐式生长,边界不清、胼胝样增厚、侵犯胸腔,呈"蛋壳"状癌肿表现。切面呈花纹样,有出血和坏死灶或囊性变。质地中韧、活检后常滴出粘稠样液体。多伴有浆液血性胸液,其中含有较多透明质酸。主要侵犯胸壁、肺、心脏、横膈及纵隔;或远处转移到对侧肺、肝、肾上腺、脑、骨等部位。显微镜检下分为三型:上皮型多见、上皮样瘤细胞排列成乳头状或腺管样;肉瘤型组织结构呈各种各样,类似于纤维肉瘤或多形性细胞肉瘤;混合型由以上两型瘤组织混合存在。

  【临床表现】

  常有持续性胸痛和进行性气促。胸部疼痛逐渐加重,并不因积液增多而症状减轻。随着疾病的进展可出现干咳、疲乏、体重减轻。少数有咯血和不规则发热。后期胸腔积液和胸膜增厚体征日趋明显。肿瘤侵犯胸壁后可形成所谓"冰冻胸",限制了胸廓扩张运动。虽有明显胸膜增厚,却不伴有肋间或胸壁凹陷,反有局部胸壁膨隆。晚期随着血性胸水迅速增长,病情日渐恶化,出现恶病质及呼吸衰竭而死亡。

  X线检查以胸腔积液和胸膜改变为主。典型者为胸内侧弥漫性不规则胸膜增厚和突向胸膜腔内多发性结节,呈波浪状阴影。并发大量胸液者,胸廓呈大片浓密阴影,纵隔向对侧移位。抽水后注入空气摄片更为清楚。CT扫描清楚显示病灶形态、病变范围及胸内脏器累及情况。

  胸腔积液多为血性,也可为黄色渗出液。非常粘稠,甚至可拉成细丝或堵塞针头。比重高,可达1.020~1.028;胸液的蛋白含量高,葡萄糖和pH常降低。胸液透明质酸和LDH水平很高。

  【诊断说明】

  对患有持续性胸痛和气促的中老年人,特别有石棉接触史者,应高度怀疑恶性间皮瘤可能。胸部X线检查,尤其是CT扫描,对建立初步诊断有一定价值。胸水细胞学检查对诊断恶性病有肯定价值,但对间皮瘤确诊率低,约0~22%。针刺胸膜活检阳性率为6%~38%。胸腔镜检查是诊断间皮瘤最好的方法。能窥视整个胸膜腔,观察间皮瘤的形态、分布及邻近组织累及情况,可在直视下多部位取到足够的活检标本,因此诊断率高。据文献报道及我们经验,诊断率在90%以上。

  临床上本病需与结核性胸膜炎、包裹性胸腔积液、周围型肺癌及胸膜转移性肿瘤相鉴别。根据临床表现、影象学图象(超声波和X线检查、CT扫描等)、胸水细胞学和针刺胸膜活检,以及胸腔镜检查,约95%以上病例可以确诊。由于间皮瘤细胞结构复杂多样,易与转移性腺癌相混淆,可通过光镜、组织化学、免疫组织化学及电镜检查,以及测定胸水和胸膜肿瘤组织中透明质酸的浓度能够鉴别。

  【治疗说明】

  手术切除是治疗本病的方法之一。由于手术切除范围不论多大,从来就不是治愈性的,因此已摒弃了根治性胸膜肺切除术。大多数研究者推荐对60岁以下限于壁层胸膜的上皮型患者,无手术禁忌证时可行单纯胸膜切除术,术后加用化疗,能延长生存期。

  放疗对恶性间皮瘤有一定效果,可使个别病例生存达8年之久。大多数作者认为外照射仅有暂时减轻胸痛,缓解血管压迫作用,但不能解除呼吸窘迫,延长生命。胸膜腔内注入放射性核素如198金、32磷等,仅对胸水生长有暂时抑制作用,由于核素穿透力短,防护困难,价格昂贵,取材不便,目前已很少应用。

  化学治疗对本病有肯定效果。阿霉素似乎是目前最有效的一种药物,其他如顺铂、丝裂霉素、5-azacytidine、环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤、5-氟脲嘧啶等也有一定疗效。各种以阿霉素为主的化疗方案,总有效率为20%~44%,并有长期生存的报道,其中较好的有阿霉素加顺铂联合化疗。

  根据文献资料,结合我们的实践,认为弥漫型间皮瘤恶性程度高、生长快、病变广泛、手术范围大、创伤重、并发症多、手术死亡率高、不宜手术切除,推荐经胸腔镜喷入滑石粉等治疗,在胸膜固定后,联合应用化疗,可提高生存率,防止胸水的复发。对于胸痛可使用强烈止痛剂或局部外照射治疗。本病预后甚差,5年生存率不超过5%。

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