CISSP考试指南笔记：8.8 编程语言和概念

Machine language is in a format that the computer’s processor can understand and work with directly.

An assembly language is considered a low-level programming language and is the symbolic representation of machine-level instructions.

Third-generation programming languages are known as high-level languages due to their refined programming structures. High-level languages use abstract statements.

Fourth-generation programming languages focus on highly abstract algorithms that allow straightforward programming implementation in specific environments.

The early 1990s saw the conception of the fifth generation of programming languages (natural languages).

Assemblers, Compilers, Interpreters

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Assemblers are tools that convert assembly language source code into machine code.

Compilers are tools that convert high-level language statements into the necessary machine-level format (.exe, .dll, etc.) for specific processors to understand.

A tool called an interpreter does the last step of transforming high-level code to machine-level code.

The greatest advantage of executing a program in an interpreted environment is that the platform independence and memory management functions are part of an interpreter. The major disadvantage with this approach is that the program cannot run as a stand-alone application, but requires the interpreter to be installed on the local machine.

A garbage collector identifies blocks of memory that were once allocated but are no longer in use and deallocates the blocks and marks them as free.

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