最佳实践：11G-RAC到单实例物理DG配置参考v6.0

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已于 2023-12-10 15:16:25 修改

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分类专栏： Oracle数据库记录文章标签： oracle

于 2023-10-22 14:12:16 首次发布

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文档起初是我用来搭建实验环境用的，后来照着做实施用的，经过多次生产实施改版汇总而成的，目前来看应该还没有啥遗留的坑了。

小白文章，傻瓜操作，仅供大家参考

0、基本环境介绍

主库基本环境

主机	CPU	内存	ORACLE_HOME	实例名	Db_name	db_unique_name
RAC1	1	4	/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1	orcl1	orcl	orcl
RAC2	1	4	/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1	orcl2	orcl	orcl

主库文件路径环境

主机

数据文件路径

控制文件

归档日志文件

RAC1

+DATA/orcl/datafile

+DATA/orcl/tempfile

+DATA/orcl/controlfile

+DATA/orcl/archivelog

RAC2

主库HOSTS文件：

备库环境设计：

 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile                    #备库数据文件存放路径
 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/onlinelog                   #备库联机日志文件文件存放路径
 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/tempfile                    #备库临时表空间文件存放路径
 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/controlfile                   #备库控制文件存放路径
 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/archivelog                   #备库归档文件存放路径
 /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcldg/adump                       #备库相关日志存放路径
 /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcldg/dpdump                     #备库相关日志存放路径
 /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcldg/hdump                      #备库相关日志存放路径
 /u01/app/oracle/admin/orcldg/pfile                         #备库相关日志存放路径
 /u01/app/oracle/fast_recover_area                          #备库闪回空间放路径

备库名称：

db_unique_name=orcldg
db_name=orcl
instance_name=orcldg

生产用的话db_unique_name不同就行，其它的可以一样

1、主库打开归档

在RAC1节点执行

sqlplus / as sysdba
alter system set log_archive_dest_1=’location=+DATA’;
exit
停库immediate，直接停的库无法开归档
srvctl stop database -d orcl -o immediate;

启动RAC1节点实例到mount模式

srvctl start database -d orcl -n rac1 -o mount

设置RAC1节点数据库archivelog

sqlplus / as sysdbaalter database archivelog;alter databae open;

启动RAC2节点实例

srvctl start instance -d orcl -I orcl2 -o open

确认是否为归档开启

sqlplus / as sysdbaarchive log list

2、主库force logging开启

在节点RAC1执行，查看数据库的模式：

Select LOG_MODE,OPEN_MODE,PROTECTION_MODE,DATABASE_ROLE,SWITCHOVER_STATUS,GUARD_STATUS,FORCE_LOGGING from v$database;

在节点RAC1上执行：

SQL> alter database force logging;

3、主库创建standby redo

主库RAC1节点sqlplus执行查看现有日志组情况

col member format a50;select a.thread#,a.group#,a.bytes/1024/1024,b.member from v$log a,v$logfile b where a.group#=b.group#;

每个 thread 都需要创建，standby redo log 比 redo log 多一组,大小相同

我这是里测试哈，你们生产用建大点的别用50M

alter database add standby logfile thread 1 group 11 ('+DATA') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile thread 1 group 12 ('+DATA') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile thread 1 group 13 ('+DATA') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile thread 1 group 14 ('+DATA') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile thread 1 group 15 ('+DATA') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile thread 2 group 21 ('+DATA') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile thread 2 group 22 ('+DATA') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile thread 2 group 23 ('+DATA') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile thread 2 group 24 ('+DATA') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile thread 2 group 25 ('+DATA') size 50m;

创建完查看日志组

select group#,type,member from v$logfile order by 2;

4、备库创建目录

[oracle@oracle ~]$ cd $ORACLE_BASE
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p oradata/orcldg/datafile
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p oradata/orcldg/onlinelog
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p oradata/orcldg/tempfile
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p oradata/orcldg/controlfile
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p oradata/orcldg/archivelog
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_BASE
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ ls
cfgtoollogs  checkpoints  diag  oradata  product
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p admin/orcldg/adump
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p admin/orcldg/dpdump
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p admin/orcldg/hdump
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p admin/orcldg/pfile
[oracle@oracle oracle]$ mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/fast_recover_area

5、主库修改参数

先查看一下参数

show parameter db_nameshow parameter db_unique_name

DB_NAME备库要与主库致，DB_UNIQUE_NAME要有所区别，DB_UNIQUE_NAME需要用到DG_CONFIG和LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG中，

主库修改参数如下，在RAC1节点执行

alter system set log_archive_config='dg_config=(orcl,orcldg)' sid='*';
alter system set log_archive_dest_1='location=+DATA valid_for=(all_logfiles,all_roles) db_unique_name=orcl' sid='*';
alter system set log_archive_dest_2='service=orcldg  async noaffirm valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=orcldg' scope=both sid='*';
alter system set standby_file_management=auto scope=both sid='*';
alter system set fal_client='orcl' scope=both sid='*';
alter system set fal_server='orcldg' scope=both sid='*';
alter system set log_archive_max_processes=10 scope=both;
alter system set db_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile','+DATA/orcl/datafile','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/tempfile','+DATA/orcl/tempfile' scope=spfile sid='*';
alter system set log_file_name_convert='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/onlinelog','+DATA/orcl/onlinelog' scope=spfile sid='*';

关闭数据库使参数生效,

这里注意一下哈，我这是测试就停库了，实际上只有db_file_name_convert和log_file_name_convert是重启生效的，你要是生产这里可以不用重启。

srvctl stop database -d orcl -o immediate;

启动数据库实例

srvctl start database -d orcl -o open;

6、备库创建参数文件及口令文件

在主库RAC1节点执行，拷贝口令文件及参数文件到备库

[oracle@rac1 ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs[oracle@rac1dbs]$scp orapworcl1 oracle@oracle:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs

主库两个节点分别拷贝自己的口令文件到对方的dbs目录下

在备库重命名口令文件

[oracle@oracle admin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs[oracle@oracle dbs]$ lsinit.ora  orapworcl1  pfileorcl.ora[oracle@oracle dbs]$ mv orapworcl1 orapworcl

在备库创建参数文件，注意如下事项：

注意备库的参数文件中db_files要与生产的进行一下比较，要多于生产库的文件夹

注意db_file_bane_convert参数，如果原库文件在多个路径下有重复的，注意修改该参数值不要在同一个文件夹下！！

修改后内容如下：

[oracle@oracle dbs]$ touch initorcldg.ora
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcldg/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.4.0'
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/controlfile/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/controlfile/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_file_name_convert='+DATA/orcl/datafile','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile','+DATA/orcl/tempfile','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/tempfile'
*.log_file_name_convert= '+DATA/orcl/onlinelog','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/onlinelog'
*.db_name='orcl'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=6005194752
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recover_area'
*.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
*.fal_client='orcldg'
*.fal_server='orcl'
*.log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(orcl,orcldg)'
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/archivelog valid_for=(all_logfiles,all_roles) db_unique_name=orcldg'
*.log_archive_dest_2='service=orcl  ASYNC NOAFFIRM valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=orcl'
*.log_archive_format='%t_%s_%r.dbf'
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='exclusive'
*.standby_file_management='AUTO'
*.db_unique_name='orcldg'
*.service_names='orcldg'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
*.memory_target=300m

7、主库监听修改

两个RAC节点都要改一下

tnsnames.ora文件内容

ORCL =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = rac-scan)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)
    )
  )
ORCLDG =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.56.20)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcldg)
    )
  )

8、备库创建监听文件

Listener.ora文件


LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.56.20)(PORT = 1521))
    )
  )


SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1)
      (SID_NAME = orcldg)
    )
  )

tnsnames.ora文件

ORCL =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.56.10)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)
    )
  )


ORCLDG =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.56.20)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcldg)
    )
  )

9、RMAN复制数据库到备库，进行同步

以下操作在备库执行就可以

备库操作，启动实例至nomount状态

[oracle@oracle dbs]$ cd ~
[oracle@oracle ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
orcldg
[oracle@oracle ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Jan 11 15:52:21 2019 
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> create spfile from pfile;
File created.
SQL> startup nomount;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area  313159680 bytes
Fixed Size                    2252824 bytes
Variable Size                  222302184 bytes
Database Buffers           83886080 bytes
Redo Buffers                    4718592 bytes

使用tnsping测试orcl及orcldg是否可达

rman target sys/oracle@orcl auxiliary sys/oracle@orcldg

复制数据库到备库

duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;

以下是输出,有点长，纯属于水文了

[oracle@oracle admin]$ rman target sys/oracle@orcl auxiliary sys/oracle@orcldg

Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri Jan 11 17:08:33 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1525049921)
connected to auxiliary database: ORCL (not mounted)

RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;

Starting Duplicate Db at 11-JAN-19
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK

contents of Memory Script:
{
backup as copy reuse
targetfile  '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/orapworcl1' auxiliary format 
'/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapworcldg'   ;
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at 11-JAN-19
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=73 instance=orcl1 device type=DISK
Finished backup at 11-JAN-19

contents of Memory Script:
{
backup as copy current controlfile for standby auxiliary format  '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/controlfile/control01.ctl';
restore clone controlfile to  '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/controlfile/control02.ctl' from 
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/controlfile/control01.ctl';
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at 11-JAN-19
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
copying standby control file
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_orcl1.f tag=TAG20190111T170841 RECID=2 STAMP=997290522
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 11-JAN-19

Starting restore at 11-JAN-19
using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: copied control file copy
Finished restore at 11-JAN-19

contents of Memory Script:
{
sql clone 'alter database mount standby database';
}
executing Memory Script

sql statement: alter database mount standby database

contents of Memory Script:
{
set newname for tempfile  1 to 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/tempfile/temp.266.997269191";
switch clone tempfile all;
set newname for datafile  1 to 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/system.256.997269101";
set newname for datafile  2 to 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/sysaux.257.997269101";
set newname for datafile  3 to 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/undotbs1.258.997269103";
set newname for datafile  4 to 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/users.259.997269103";
set newname for datafile  5 to 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/undotbs2.267.997269211";
set newname for datafile  6 to 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/hr.273.997270893";
backup as copy reuse
datafile  1 auxiliary format 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/system.256.997269101"   datafile 
2 auxiliary format 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/sysaux.257.997269101"   datafile 
3 auxiliary format 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/undotbs1.258.997269103"   datafile 
4 auxiliary format 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/users.259.997269103"   datafile 
5 auxiliary format 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/undotbs2.267.997269211"   datafile 
6 auxiliary format 
"/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/hr.273.997270893"   ;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
}
executing Memory Script

executing command: SET NEWNAME

renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/tempfile/temp.266.997269191 in control file

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

Starting backup at 11-JAN-19
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00001 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/system.256.997269101
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/system.256.997269101 tag=TAG20190111T170850
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:16
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00002 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/sysaux.257.997269101
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/sysaux.257.997269101 tag=TAG20190111T170850
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00006 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/hr.273.997270893
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/hr.273.997270893 tag=TAG20190111T170850
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00003 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/undotbs1.258.997269103
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/undotbs1.258.997269103 tag=TAG20190111T170850
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00005 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/undotbs2.267.997269211
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/undotbs2.267.997269211 tag=TAG20190111T170850
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00004 name=+DATA/orcl/datafile/users.259.997269103
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/users.259.997269103 tag=TAG20190111T170850
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 11-JAN-19

sql statement: alter system archive log current

contents of Memory Script:
{
switch clone datafile all;
}
executing Memory Script

datafile 1 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=2 STAMP=997290566 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/system.256.997269101
datafile 2 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=3 STAMP=997290566 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/sysaux.257.997269101
datafile 3 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=4 STAMP=997290566 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/undotbs1.258.997269103
datafile 4 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=5 STAMP=997290566 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/users.259.997269103
datafile 5 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=6 STAMP=997290566 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/undotbs2.267.997269211
datafile 6 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=7 STAMP=997290566 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcldg/datafile/hr.273.997270893
Finished Duplicate Db at 11-JAN-19

RMAN>

恢复完结果

检查一下

select DBID,NAME,OPEN_MODE,DATABASE_ROLE from v$database;

启动恢复进程进行恢复，这里是mount下进行的，不是ADG模式

alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;

10、同步简单验证

使用hr用户创建表测试，登录备库查看，同时观察告警日志跟踪

11、管理同步

停止同步进程

ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL;

库止同步，开启主备库延时同步

ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL;ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DELAY 30 DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;

先把库open，启用ADG，进行实进同步。

alter database open;alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;

12、检查同步状态

我一般不看那么多复杂的表SQL

我就用这1个在主库上查一下

select switchover_status from v$database;

返回session active或者to standby 我就记为没问题了

13、保护模式切换

查看当前保护模式

SELECT protection_mode FROM v$database;

多种模式如何切换

最大可用模式
-- Maximum Availability.
ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=orcldg AFFIRM SYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ORCLDG';
ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE AVAILABILITY

性能模式
-- Maximum Performance.
ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=orcldg NOAFFIRM ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ORCLDG';
ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE;

最大保护模式
-- Maximum Protection.
ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=orcldg AFFIRM SYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ORCLDG';
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
STARTUP MOUNT;
ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE PROTECTION;
ALTER DATABASE OPEN;

14、主备切换

a)在主库检查切换

select switchover_status from v$database;

如果该列值为"TO STANDBY"则表示primary 数据库支持转换为standby 角色，否则的话你就需要重新检查一下Data Guard 配置，比如看看LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n 之类参数值是否正确有效等等。

b)主库切换成备库并关闭

CONNECT / AS SYSDBAALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO STANDBY;

生产环境用上面这个可能停不下来，用下面这个

ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PHYSICAL STANDBY WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN;

关闭数据库

SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;

c)备库切换成主库

在备库上执行

CONNECT / AS SYSDBAALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY;

或者

alter database commit to switchover to primary with session shutdown;SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;

再次打开变成主库

STARTUP;

d)原来的主库以备库方式启动

STARTUP NOMOUNT;ALTER DATABASE MOUNT STANDBY DATABASE;ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;

15、主备强制切换（慎用）

强制切换（会丢数据，极端环境操作）

当主库不可用时，从库可以被激活成主库使用，需要在从库上执行如下SQL语句。打开从库使用。

ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE FINISH;ALTER DATABASE ACTIVATE STANDBY DATABASE;Alter database open;

当然，如果极端环境，主库坏了，之后再重搭建ADG切换一下就OK了，

16、生产实施的注意事项

以下观点为个人总结

1、主库和备库时间一定要一致，稳妥的情况是一定要部署NTP同步。
2、主库RAC的两个节点都需要修改tnsnames.ora以保证传归档及redo可达
3、密码文件要一致，sys的密码要一致，如果主库修改了一定要及时更新密码文件及密码，最好是MD5校验密码文件的值是否一样，很有可以密码一样，但文件md5不一样，也会报错
4、12c-RAC环境密码文件默认存放在ASM里，需要手动创建一个传到备库
5、其中参数文件写的参数是按照旧版本10G的参数写的，也可以支持11G、12C的环境。按照官方文档可以简写。
6、主备库环境变量，一定要仔细核对，ORACLE_BASE与ORACLE_HOME别有出错，例如oracle_base的值最后加/，设定ORACLE_HOME变量时又引用ORACLE_BASE多加个/，会引起启动的实例监听无法连接。

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