在C#用HttpWebRequest中发送GET/HTTP/HTTPS请求

这个需求来自于我最近练手的一个项目，在项目中我需要将一些自己发表的和收藏整理的网文集中到一个地方存放，如果全部采用手工操作工作量大而且繁琐，因此周公决定利用C#来实现。在很多地方都需要验证用户身份才可以进行下一步操作，这就免不了POST请求来登录，在实际过程中发现有些网站登录是HTTPS形式的，在解决过程中遇到了一些小问题，现在跟大家分享。

通用辅助类
下面是我编写的一个辅助类，在这个类中采用了HttpWebRequest中发送GET/HTTP/HTTPS请求，因为有的时候需要获取认证信息（如Cookie），所以返回的是HttpWebResponse对象，有了返回的HttpWebResponse实例，可以获取登录过程中返回的会话信息，也可以获取响应流。
代码如下：

1. using System; 
2. using System.Collections.Generic; 
3. using System.Linq; 
4. using System.Text; 
5. using System.Net.Security; 
6. using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates; 
7. using System.DirectoryServices.Protocols; 
8. using System.ServiceModel.Security; 
9. using System.Net; 
10. using System.IO; 
11. using System.IO.Compression; 
12. using System.Text.RegularExpressions; 
13. /* 
14. * 作者：周公(zhoufoxcn) 
15. * 日期：2011-05-08 
16. * 原文出处：http://blog.csdn.net/zhoufoxcn 或http://zhoufoxcn.blog.51cto.com 
17. * 版权说明：本文可以在保留原文出处的情况下使用于非商业用途，周公对此不作任何担保或承诺。 
18. * */ 
19. namespace BaiduCang 
20. { 
21.     /// <summary> 
22.     /// 有关HTTP请求的辅助类 
23.     /// </summary> 
24.     public class HttpWebResponseUtility 
25.     { 
26.         private static readonly string DefaultUserAgent = "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.2; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)"; 
27.         /// <summary> 
28.         /// 创建GET方式的HTTP请求 
29.         /// </summary> 
30.         /// <param name="url">请求的URL</param> 
31.         /// <param name="timeout">请求的超时时间</param> 
32.         /// <param name="userAgent">请求的客户端浏览器信息，可以为空</param> 
33.         /// <param name="cookies">随同HTTP请求发送的Cookie信息，如果不需要身份验证可以为空</param> 
34.         /// <returns></returns> 
35.         public static HttpWebResponse CreateGetHttpResponse(string url,int? timeout, string userAgent,CookieCollection cookies) 
36.         { 
37.             if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(url)) 
38.             { 
39.                 throw new ArgumentNullException("url"); 
40.             } 
41.             HttpWebRequest request = WebRequest.Create(url) as HttpWebRequest; 
42.             request.Method = "GET"; 
43.             request.UserAgent = DefaultUserAgent; 
44.             if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(userAgent)) 
45.             { 
46.                 request.UserAgent = userAgent; 
47.             } 
48.             if (timeout.HasValue) 
49.             { 
50.                 request.Timeout = timeout.Value; 
51.             } 
52.             if (cookies != null) 
53.             { 
54.                 request.CookieContainer = new CookieContainer(); 
55.                 request.CookieContainer.Add(cookies); 
56.             } 
57.             return request.GetResponse() as HttpWebResponse; 
58.         } 
59.         /// <summary> 
60.         /// 创建POST方式的HTTP请求 
61.         /// </summary> 
62.         /// <param name="url">请求的URL</param> 
63.         /// <param name="parameters">随同请求POST的参数名称及参数值字典</param> 
64.         /// <param name="timeout">请求的超时时间</param> 
65.         /// <param name="userAgent">请求的客户端浏览器信息，可以为空</param> 
66.         /// <param name="requestEncoding">发送HTTP请求时所用的编码</param> 
67.         /// <param name="cookies">随同HTTP请求发送的Cookie信息，如果不需要身份验证可以为空</param> 
68.         /// <returns></returns> 
69.         public static HttpWebResponse CreatePostHttpResponse(string url,IDictionary<string,string> parameters,int? timeout, string userAgent,Encoding requestEncoding,CookieCollection cookies) 
70.         { 
71.             if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(url)) 
72.             { 
73.                 throw new ArgumentNullException("url"); 
74.             } 
75.             if(requestEncoding==null) 
76.             { 
77.                 throw new ArgumentNullException("requestEncoding"); 
78.             } 
79.             HttpWebRequest request=null; 
80.             //如果是发送HTTPS请求 
81.             if(url.StartsWith("https",StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) 
82.             { 
83.                 ServicePointManager.ServerCertificateValidationCallback = new RemoteCertificateValidationCallback(CheckValidationResult); 
84.                 request = WebRequest.Create(url) as HttpWebRequest; 
85.                 request.ProtocolVersion=HttpVersion.Version10; 
86.             } 
87.             else 
88.             { 
89.                 request = WebRequest.Create(url) as HttpWebRequest; 
90.             } 
91.             request.Method = "POST"; 
92.             request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"; 
93.              
94.             if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(userAgent)) 
95.             { 
96.                 request.UserAgent = userAgent; 
97.             } 
98.             else 
99.             { 
100.                 request.UserAgent = DefaultUserAgent; 
101.             } 
102.  
103.             if (timeout.HasValue) 
104.             { 
105.                 request.Timeout = timeout.Value; 
106.             } 
107.             if (cookies != null) 
108.             { 
109.                 request.CookieContainer = new CookieContainer(); 
110.                 request.CookieContainer.Add(cookies); 
111.             } 
112.             //如果需要POST数据 
113.             if(!(parameters==null||parameters.Count==0)) 
114.             { 
115.                 StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(); 
116.                 int i = 0; 
117.                 foreach (string key in parameters.Keys) 
118.                 { 
119.                     if (i > 0) 
120.                     { 
121.                         buffer.AppendFormat("&{0}={1}", key, parameters[key]); 
122.                     } 
123.                     else 
124.                     { 
125.                         buffer.AppendFormat("{0}={1}", key, parameters[key]); 
126.                     } 
127.                     i++; 
128.                 } 
129.                 byte[] data = requestEncoding.GetBytes(buffer.ToString()); 
130.                 using (Stream stream = request.GetRequestStream()) 
131.                 { 
132.                     stream.Write(data, 0, data.Length); 
133.                 } 
134.             } 
135.             return request.GetResponse() as HttpWebResponse; 
136.         } 
137.  
138.         private static bool CheckValidationResult(object sender, X509Certificate certificate, X509Chain chain, SslPolicyErrors errors) 
139.         { 
140.             return true; //总是接受 
141.         } 
142.     } 
143. } 

using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Net.Security; using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates; using System.DirectoryServices.Protocols; using System.ServiceModel.Security; using System.Net; using System.IO; using System.IO.Compression; using System.Text.RegularExpressions; /* * 作者：周公(zhoufoxcn) * 日期：2011-05-08 * 原文出处：http://blog.csdn.net/zhoufoxcn 或http://zhoufoxcn.blog.51cto.com * 版权说明：本文可以在保留原文出处的情况下使用于非商业用途，周公对此不作任何担保或承诺。 * */ namespace BaiduCang { /// <summary> /// 有关HTTP请求的辅助类 /// </summary> public class HttpWebResponseUtility { private static readonly string DefaultUserAgent = "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.2; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)"; /// <summary> /// 创建GET方式的HTTP请求 /// </summary> /// <param name="url">请求的URL</param> /// <param name="timeout">请求的超时时间</param> /// <param name="userAgent">请求的客户端浏览器信息，可以为空</param> /// <param name="cookies">随同HTTP请求发送的Cookie信息，如果不需要身份验证可以为空</param> /// <returns></returns> public static HttpWebResponse CreateGetHttpResponse(string url,int? timeout, string userAgent,CookieCollection cookies) { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(url)) { throw new ArgumentNullException("url"); } HttpWebRequest request = WebRequest.Create(url) as HttpWebRequest; request.Method = "GET"; request.UserAgent = DefaultUserAgent; if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(userAgent)) { request.UserAgent = userAgent; } if (timeout.HasValue) { request.Timeout = timeout.Value; } if (cookies != null) { request.CookieContainer = new CookieContainer(); request.CookieContainer.Add(cookies); } return request.GetResponse() as HttpWebResponse; } /// <summary> /// 创建POST方式的HTTP请求 /// </summary> /// <param name="url">请求的URL</param> /// <param name="parameters">随同请求POST的参数名称及参数值字典</param> /// <param name="timeout">请求的超时时间</param> /// <param name="userAgent">请求的客户端浏览器信息，可以为空</param> /// <param name="requestEncoding">发送HTTP请求时所用的编码</param> /// <param name="cookies">随同HTTP请求发送的Cookie信息，如果不需要身份验证可以为空</param> /// <returns></returns> public static HttpWebResponse CreatePostHttpResponse(string url,IDictionary<string,string> parameters,int? timeout, string userAgent,Encoding requestEncoding,CookieCollection cookies) { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(url)) { throw new ArgumentNullException("url"); } if(requestEncoding==null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("requestEncoding"); } HttpWebRequest request=null; //如果是发送HTTPS请求 if(url.StartsWith("https",StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)) { ServicePointManager.ServerCertificateValidationCallback = new RemoteCertificateValidationCallback(CheckValidationResult); request = WebRequest.Create(url) as HttpWebRequest; request.ProtocolVersion=HttpVersion.Version10; } else { request = WebRequest.Create(url) as HttpWebRequest; } request.Method = "POST"; request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"; if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(userAgent)) { request.UserAgent = userAgent; } else { request.UserAgent = DefaultUserAgent; } if (timeout.HasValue) { request.Timeout = timeout.Value; } if (cookies != null) { request.CookieContainer = new CookieContainer(); request.CookieContainer.Add(cookies); } //如果需要POST数据 if(!(parameters==null||parameters.Count==0)) { StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(); int i = 0; foreach (string key in parameters.Keys) { if (i > 0) { buffer.AppendFormat("&{0}={1}", key, parameters[key]); } else { buffer.AppendFormat("{0}={1}", key, parameters[key]); } i++; } byte[] data = requestEncoding.GetBytes(buffer.ToString()); using (Stream stream = request.GetRequestStream()) { stream.Write(data, 0, data.Length); } } return request.GetResponse() as HttpWebResponse; } private static bool CheckValidationResult(object sender, X509Certificate certificate, X509Chain chain, SslPolicyErrors errors) { return true; //总是接受 } } }

从上面的代码中可以看出POST数据到HTTP和HTTPS站点不同，POST数据到HTTPS站点的时候需要设置ServicePointManager类的ServerCertificateValidationCallback属性，并且在POST到https://passport.baidu.com/?login时还需要将HttpWebResquest实例的ProtocolVersion属性设置为HttpVersion.Version10（这个未验证是否所有的HTTPS站点都需要设置），否则在调用GetResponse()方法时会抛出“基础连接已经关闭: 连接被意外关闭。”的异常。

用法举例
这个类用起来也很简单：
（1）POST数据到HTTPS站点，用它来登录百度：

1. string loginUrl = "https://passport.baidu.com/?login"; 
2. string userName = "userName"; 
3. string password = "password"; 
4. string tagUrl = "http://cang.baidu.com/"+userName+"/tags"; 
5. Encoding encoding = Encoding.GetEncoding("gb2312"); 
6.  
7. IDictionary<string, string> parameters = new Dictionary<string, string>(); 
8. parameters.Add("tpl", "fa"); 
9. parameters.Add("tpl_reg", "fa"); 
10. parameters.Add("u", tagUrl); 
11. parameters.Add("psp_tt", "0"); 
12. parameters.Add("username", userName); 
13. parameters.Add("password", password); 
14. parameters.Add("mem_pass", "1"); 
15. HttpWebResponse response = HttpWebResponseUtility.CreatePostHttpResponse(loginUrl, parameters, null, null, encoding, null); 
16. string cookieString = response.Headers["Set-Cookie"]; 

string loginUrl = "https://passport.baidu.com/?login"; string userName = "userName"; string password = "password"; string tagUrl = "http://cang.baidu.com/"+userName+"/tags"; Encoding encoding = Encoding.GetEncoding("gb2312"); IDictionary<string, string> parameters = new Dictionary<string, string>(); parameters.Add("tpl", "fa"); parameters.Add("tpl_reg", "fa"); parameters.Add("u", tagUrl); parameters.Add("psp_tt", "0"); parameters.Add("username", userName); parameters.Add("password", password); parameters.Add("mem_pass", "1"); HttpWebResponse response = HttpWebResponseUtility.CreatePostHttpResponse(loginUrl, parameters, null, null, encoding, null); string cookieString = response.Headers["Set-Cookie"];

（2）发送GET请求到HTTP站点
在cookieString中包含了服务器端返回的会话信息数据，从中提取了之后可以设置Cookie下次登录时带上这个Cookie就可以以认证用户的信息，假设我们已经登录成功并且获取了Cookie，那么发送GET请求的代码如下：

1. string userName = "userName"; 
2. string tagUrl = "http://cang.baidu.com/"+userName+"/tags"; 
3. CookieCollection cookies = new CookieCollection();//如何从response.Headers["Set-Cookie"];中获取并设置CookieCollection的代码略 
4. response = HttpWebResponseUtility.CreateGetHttpResponse(tagUrl, null, null, cookies); 

string userName = "userName"; string tagUrl = "http://cang.baidu.com/"+userName+"/tags"; CookieCollection cookies = new CookieCollection();//如何从response.Headers["Set-Cookie"];中获取并设置CookieCollection的代码略 response = HttpWebResponseUtility.CreateGetHttpResponse(tagUrl, null, null, cookies);

(3)发送POST请求到HTTP站点
以登录51CTO为例

1. string loginUrl = "http://home.51cto.com/index.php?s=/Index/doLogin"; 
2. string userName = "userName"; 
3. string password = "password"; 
4.  
5. IDictionary<string, string> parameters = new Dictionary<string, string>(); 
6. parameters.Add("email", userName); 
7. parameters.Add("passwd", password); 
8.  
9. HttpWebResponse response = HttpWebResponseUtility.CreatePostHttpResponse(loginUrl, parameters, null, null, Encoding.UTF8, null); 

string loginUrl = "http://home.51cto.com/index.php?s=/Index/doLogin"; string userName = "userName"; string password = "password"; IDictionary<string, string> parameters = new Dictionary<string, string>(); parameters.Add("email", userName); parameters.Add("passwd", password); HttpWebResponse response = HttpWebResponseUtility.CreatePostHttpResponse(loginUrl, parameters, null, null, Encoding.UTF8, null);

在这里说句题外话，CSDN的登录处理是由http://passport.csdn.net/ajax/accounthandler.ashx这个Handler来处理的。

总结

在本文只是讲解了在C#中发送请求到HTTP和HTTPS的用法，分GET/POST两种方式，为减少一些繁琐和机械的编码，周公将其封装为一个类，发送数据之后返回HttpWebResponse对象实例，利用这个实例我们可以获取服务器端返回的Cookie以便用认证用户的身份继续发送请求，或者读取服务器端响应的内容，不过在读取响应内容时要注意响应格式和编码，本来在这个类中还有读取HTML和WML内容的方法（包括服务器使用压缩方式传输的数据），但限于篇幅和其它方面的原因，此处省略掉了。如有机会，在以后的文章中会继续讲述这方面的内容。