线程池及线程池的底层工作原理

线程池

1.为什么使用线程池

线程池的优势：

线程池做的工作只要是控制运行的线程数量，处理过程中将任务放入队列，然后在线程创建后启动这些任务，如果线程数量超过了最大数量，超出数量的线程排队等候，等其他线程执行完毕，再从对列中取出任务来执行。

它的主要特点为：线程复用；控制最大并发数；管理线程。

2.使用 Executors 工具类创建线程池常用的几种方式

方式一：newFixedThreadPool(int)

执行长期任务性能好，创建一个线程池，一池有N个固定的线程，有固定线程数的线程

package com.test.demo1;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class MyThreadPoolDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);//银行网点3个窗口
        try {
            for (int i = 1 ; i <= 10;i++){
                threadPool.execute(()->{
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t 号业务员办理业务");
                });
            }
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            threadPool.shutdown();
        }
    }
}

打印结果：

方式二：newSingleThreadExecutor()

一个任务一个任务的执行，一池一线程

package com.test.demo1;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class MyThreadPoolDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService threadPool2 = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();//银行网点1个窗口
        try {
            for (int i = 1 ; i <= 10;i++){
                threadPool2.execute(()->{
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t 号业务员办理业务");
                });
            }
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            threadPool2.shutdown();
        }
    }
}

打印结果：（效率低）

方式三：newCachedThreadPool()

执行很多短期异步任务，线程池根据需要创建新线程，但在先前构建可用时将重用它们，可扩容，遇强则强

package com.test.demo1;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class MyThreadPoolDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService threadPool3 = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();//银行网点可扩展窗口
        try {
            for (int i = 1 ; i <= 30;i++){
                threadPool3.execute(()->{
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t 号业务员办理业务");
                });
            }
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            threadPool3.shutdown();
        }
    }
}

打印结果：（每次执行结果可能都不一样，此次运行结果只执行了12个线程就完成了30个的任务）

方式四：newScheduledThreadPool()

创建一个定长线程池，支持定时及周期性任务执行。

package com.test.demo1;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class MyThreadPoolDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ScheduledExecutorService threadPool4 = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(5);//银行网点可定时窗口
        try {
            for (int i = 1 ; i <= 10;i++){
                threadPool4.schedule(()->{
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t 号业务员办理业务");
                },3,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
            }
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            threadPool4.shutdown();
        }
    }
}

执行结果（表示延迟3秒执行）：

3.线程池几个重要参数

3.1 核心底层源码

/**
     * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
     * operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most
     * {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing tasks.
     * If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
     * they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
     * If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
     * prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
     * execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist
     * until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
     *
     * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
     */
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }
     
     /**
     * Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
     * off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
     * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
     * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
     * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
     * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
     * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
     * {@code newFixedThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
     * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
     *
     * @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
     */
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
    }
     
     /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available.  These pools will typically improve the performance
     * of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
     * Calls to {@code execute} will reuse previously constructed
     * threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
     * thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
     * not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
     * the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
     * not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
     * properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
     * may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
     *
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
    }

/**
     * Creates a new {@code ThreadPoolExecutor} with the given initial
     * parameters and default thread factory and rejected execution handler.
     * It may be more convenient to use one of the {@link Executors} factory
     * methods instead of this general purpose constructor.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
     *        pool
     * @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
     *        the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
     *        will wait for new tasks before terminating.
     * @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
     * @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
     *        executed.  This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
     *        tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
     *         {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
     *         {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue} is null
     */
    public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                              int maximumPoolSize,
                              long keepAliveTime,
                              TimeUnit unit,
                              BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
        this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
             Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
    }

3.2 七大参数

• ① corePoolSize:线程池中的常驻核心线程数
• ② maximumPoolSize:线程池中能够容纳同时执行的最大线程数，此值必须大于等于1
• ③ keepAliveTime:多余的空闲线程的存活时间当前池中线程数量超过corePoolSize时，当空闲时间达到keepAliveTime时，多余线程会被销毁直到只剩下corePoolSize个线程为止
• ④ unit:keepAliveTime的单位
• ⑤ workQueue:任务队列，被提交但尚未被执行的任务
• ⑥ threadFatory:表示生成线程池中工作线程的线程工厂，用于创建线程，一般默认的即可
• ⑦ handler:拒绝策略，表示当队列满了，并且工作线程大于等于线程池的最大线程数（maximumPoolSize）时如何来拒绝请求执行的runnable的策略

4.线程池底层工作原理

4.1 线程底层工作原理图

4.2 文字说明

① 在创建了线程池后，线程池中的线程数为零
② 当调用 execute() 方法添加一个请求任务时，线程池会做出如下判断：
a、如果正在运行的线程数量小于 corePoolSize，那么马上创建线程运行这个任务；
b、如果正在运行的线程数量大于或等于 corePoolSize，那么将这个任务放入队列；
c、如果这个时候队列满了且正在运行的线程数量还小于maximumPoolSize,那么还是要创建非核心线程立刻运行这个任务（“这个任务”指的是新的任务，而非队列里的任务）；
d、如果队列满了且正在运行的线程数量大于或等于 maximumPoolSize,那么线程池会启动饱和拒绝策略来执行。
③、当一个线程完成任务时，它会从队列中取下一个任务来执行
④、当一个线程无事可做超过一定的时间（keepAliveTime）时，线程会判断：
如果当前运行的线程数大于corePoolSize,那么这个线程就被停掉。
所以线程池的所有任务完成后，它最终会收缩到corePoolSize的大小。

4.3 在工作中该三种创建线程池的方式都不使用

FixedThreadPool 和 SingleThreadPool

CachedThreadPool

5. 线程池的拒绝策略

5.1 什么情况下使用拒绝策略

等待队列已经排满了，再也塞不下新任务了，同时，线程池中的max线程也达到了，无法继续为新任务服务。这个时候我们就需要拒绝策略机制合理的处理这个问题。

5.2 四种拒绝策略

6.自定义线程池

例子：

package com.test.demo1;

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class MyThreadPoolDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService threadPool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
                2,
                5,
                3L,
                TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(3),
                Executors.defaultThreadFactory(),
                new ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy()//默认的拒绝策略
        );
        try {
            for (int i = 1 ; i <= 9;i++){
                threadPool.execute(()->{
                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t 号业务员办理业务");
                });
            }
        }catch (Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            threadPool.shutdown();
        }
    }
}

打印结果：（当for循环里 i <= 8 时，首先执行两个任务（2个核心线程数），再将三个任务放进阻塞队列中（3个队列的长度），然后当队列中放满时，再根据最大线程数（5个最大线程数）执行剩余的三个任务，当超过核心线程数和一定数量的队列长度且达到最大线程数时，就会报异常（选择的是默认拒绝策略：AbortPolicy）。注：每一次执行的结果可能都一样，有时不会出现报错）
【java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException: Task com.test.demo1.MyThreadPoolDemo$$Lambda$1/1078694789@3b9a45b3rejectedfromjava.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor@7699a589[Running,poolsize=5,activethreads=0,queuedtasks=0,completedtasks=8]atjava.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$AbortPolicy.rejectedExecution(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:2063)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.reject(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:830)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.execute(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1379)
at com.test.demo1.MyThreadPoolDemo.main(MyThreadPoolDemo.java:18)】

拒绝策略模式改为 new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy()。
打印的结果为：

拒绝策略模式改为 new ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy()。
打印的结果为：

拒绝策略模式改为new ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy()。
打印的结果为：