每一个整合spring框架的项目中，总是不可避免地要在web.xml中加入这样一段配置。
<!-- Spring配置文件开始 -->
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:applicationContext.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<!-- Spring配置文件结束 -->
这段配置由于使用Servlet容器声明了一个ServletContextListener，那么下面我们来看看其运行原理。
一、ContextLoaderListener
/**
* Bootstrap listener to start up and shut down Spring's root {@link WebApplicationContext}.
* Simply delegates to {@link ContextLoader} as well as to {@link ContextCleanupListener}.
*
* <p>This listener should be registered after {@link org.springframework.web.util.Log4jConfigListener}
* in {@code web.xml}, if the latter is used.
*
* <p>As of Spring 3.1, {@code ContextLoaderListener} supports injecting the root web
* application context via the {@link #ContextLoaderListener(WebApplicationContext)}
* constructor, allowing for programmatic configuration in Servlet 3.0+ environments.
* See {@link org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer} for usage examples.
*
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @author Chris Beams
* @since 17.02.2003
* @see #setContextInitializers
* @see org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer
* @see org.springframework.web.util.Log4jConfigListener
*/
public class ContextLoaderListener extends ContextLoader implements ServletContextListener {
/**
* Create a new {@code ContextLoaderListener} that will create a web application
* context based on the "contextClass" and "contextConfigLocation" servlet
* context-params. See {@link ContextLoader} superclass documentation for details on
* default values for each.
* <p>This constructor is typically used when declaring {@code ContextLoaderListener}
* as a {@code <listener>} within {@code web.xml}, where a no-arg constructor is
* required.
* <p>The created application context will be registered into the ServletContext under
* the attribute name {@link WebApplicationContext#ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE}
* and the Spring application context will be closed when the {@link #contextDestroyed}
* lifecycle method is invoked on this listener.
* @see ContextLoader
* @see #ContextLoaderListener(WebApplicationContext)
* @see #contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent)
* @see #contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent)
*/
public ContextLoaderListener() {
}
/**
* Create a new {@code ContextLoaderListener} with the given application context. This
* constructor is useful in Servlet 3.0+ environments where instance-based
* registration of listeners is possible through the {@link javax.servlet.ServletContext#addListener}
* API.
* <p>The context may or may not yet be {@linkplain
* org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#refresh() refreshed}. If it
* (a) is an implementation of {@link ConfigurableWebApplicationContext} and
* (b) has <strong>not</strong> already been refreshed (the recommended approach),
* then the following will occur:
* <ul>
* <li>If the given context has not already been assigned an {@linkplain
* org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#setId id}, one will be assigned to it</li>
* <li>{@code ServletContext} and {@code ServletConfig} objects will be delegated to
* the application context</li>
* <li>{@link #customizeContext} will be called</li>
* <li>Any {@link org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextInitializer ApplicationContextInitializer}s
* specified through the "contextInitializerClasses" init-param will be applied.</li>
* <li>{@link org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#refresh refresh()} will be called</li>
* </ul>
* If the context has already been refreshed or does not implement
* {@code ConfigurableWebApplicationContext}, none of the above will occur under the
* assumption that the user has performed these actions (or not) per his or her
* specific needs.
* <p>See {@link org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer} for usage examples.
* <p>In any case, the given application context will be registered into the
* ServletContext under the attribute name {@link
* WebApplicationContext#ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE} and the Spring
* application context will be closed when the {@link #contextDestroyed} lifecycle
* method is invoked on this listener.
* @param context the application context to manage
* @see #contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent)
* @see #contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent)
*/
public ContextLoaderListener(WebApplicationContext context) {
super(context);
}
/**
* Initialize the root web application context.
*/
@Override
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) {
initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
}
/**
* Close the root web application context.
*/
@Override
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent event) {
closeWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
ContextCleanupListener.cleanupAttributes(event.getServletContext());
}
}
ContextLoaderListener继承自ContextLoader，并且实现了ServletContextListener，实现ContextLoader就可以调用父类写好的方法，而实现ServletContextListener就可以在Servlet容器启动和销毁的时候调用contextInitialized和contextDestroyed方法。
实现ServletContextListener有什么作用？
ServletContextListener接口里的函数会结合Web容器的生命周期被调用。因为ServletContextListener是ServletContext的监听者，如果ServletContext发生变化，会触发相应的事件，而监听器一直对事件监听，如果接收到了变化，就会做出预先设计好的相应动作。由于ServletContext变化而触发的监听器的响应具体包括：在服务器启动时，ServletContext被创建的时候，服务器关闭时，ServletContext将被销毁的时候等。
ContextLoaderListener的作用是什么？
ContextLoaderListener的作用就是启动Web容器时，读取在contextConfigLocation中定义的xml文件，自动装配ApplicationContext的配置信息，并产生WebApplicationContext对象，然后将这个对象放置在ServletContext的属性里，这样我们只要得到Servlet就可以得到WebApplicationContext对象，并利用这个对象访问spring容器管理的bean。
简单来说，就是上面这段配置为项目提供了spring支持，初始化了Ioc容器。
构造方法
提供了两个构造方法，一个无参和一个有参（传入了WebApplicationContext）构造器
public ContextLoader() {
}
public ContextLoader(WebApplicationContext context) {
this.context = context;
}
无参构造器一般用于Servlet容器反射调用，有参构造器一般用于在其他地方直接调用，可以传入一个WebApplicationContext
ServletContextListener#contextInitialized
该方法中调用了父类ContextLoader#initWebApplicationContext方法，用于完成容器的初始化
ServletContextListener#contextDestroyed
该方法中做了两件事情：关闭容器，清除ServletContext域中的属性。
关闭容器方法我们在ContextLoader类中再分析。清除属性只是清除了部分属性名以org.springframework.开头的并且实现了DisposableBean接口的对象（调用其destroy方法）。
static void cleanupAttributes(ServletContext sc) {
Enumeration<String> attrNames = sc.getAttributeNames();
while (attrNames.hasMoreElements()) {
String attrName = attrNames.nextElement();
if (attrName.startsWith("org.springframework.")) {
Object attrValue = sc.getAttribute(attrName);
if (attrValue instanceof DisposableBean) {
try {
((DisposableBean) attrValue).destroy();
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
logger.error("Couldn't invoke destroy method of attribute with name '" + attrName + "'", ex);
}
}
}
}
}
二、ContextLoader
ContextLoader提供了真正初始化和关闭容器的方法。
initWebApplicationContext
public WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext) {
//如果ServletContext中已经存在容器，说明状态异常，直接抛异常
if (servletContext.getAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE) != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"Cannot initialize context because there is already a root application context present - " +
"check whether you have multiple ContextLoader* definitions in your web.xml!");
}
Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(ContextLoader.class);
servletContext.log("Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext");
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
logger.info("Root WebApplicationContext: initialization started");
}
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
try {
// Store context in local instance variable, to guarantee that
// it is available on ServletContext shutdown.
if (this.context == null) {
this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
}
if (this.context instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) this.context;
if (!cwac.isActive()) {
// The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
// setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
// The context instance was injected without an explicit parent ->
// determine parent for root web application context, if any.
ApplicationContext parent = loadParentContext(servletContext);
cwac.setParent(parent);
}
configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac, servletContext);
}
}
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context);
ClassLoader ccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
if (ccl == ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader()) {
currentContext = this.context;
}
else if (ccl != null) {
currentContextPerThread.put(ccl, this.context);
}
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Published root WebApplicationContext as ServletContext attribute with name [" +
WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE + "]");
}
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
long elapsedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
logger.info("Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in " + elapsedTime + " ms");
}
return this.context;
}
catch (RuntimeException ex) {
logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex);
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, ex);
throw ex;
}
catch (Error err) {
logger.error("Context initialization failed", err);
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, err);
throw err;
}
}
关键的几个步骤
- 判断context是否为空，不为空就直接用，为空就创建createWebApplicationContext
- 如果其父容器为空，则找一找是否存在父容器loadParentContext，并设置
- 配置并刷新configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext
- 往ServletContext以
WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE放入容器，方便以后直接从ServletContext中获取，即WebApplicationContextUtils#getWebApplicationContext(ServletContext) - 如果当前线程的类加载器就是ContextLoader的累加器，则设置currentContext为当期容器；否则以当前类加载器为key，当前容器为value放入一个map中currentContextPerThread
currentContext和currentContextPerThread共同完成可以根据ClassLoader获取相关容器的功能
createWebApplicationContext
protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(ServletContext sc) {
Class<?> contextClass = determineContextClass(sc);
if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Custom context class [" + contextClass.getName() +
"] is not of type [" + ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.getName() + "]");
}
return (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);
}
protected Class<?> determineContextClass(ServletContext servletContext) {
String contextClassName = servletContext.getInitParameter(CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM);
if (contextClassName != null) {
try {
return ClassUtils.forName(contextClassName, ClassUtils.getDefaultClassLoader());
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException(
"Failed to load custom context class [" + contextClassName + "]", ex);
}
}
else {
contextClassName = defaultStrategies.getProperty(WebApplicationContext.class.getName());
try {
return ClassUtils.forName(contextClassName, ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader());
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException(
"Failed to load default context class [" + contextClassName + "]", ex);
}
}
}
- 首先在servlet的初始化参数中获取contextClass，获取到了就初始化
- 第一步没配置则走默认策略，
ContextLoader.properties中配置的org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext=org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext，说明如果我们不配置contextClass，那么就默认使用XmlWebApplicationContext
loadParentContext
protected ApplicationContext loadParentContext(ServletContext servletContext) {
ApplicationContext parentContext = null;
String locatorFactorySelector = servletContext.getInitParameter(LOCATOR_FACTORY_SELECTOR_PARAM);
String parentContextKey = servletContext.getInitParameter(LOCATOR_FACTORY_KEY_PARAM);
if (parentContextKey != null) {
// locatorFactorySelector may be null, indicating the default "classpath*:beanRefContext.xml"
BeanFactoryLocator locator = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(locatorFactorySelector);
Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(ContextLoader.class);
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Getting parent context definition: using parent context key of '" +
parentContextKey + "' with BeanFactoryLocator");
}
this.parentContextRef = locator.useBeanFactory(parentContextKey);
parentContext = (ApplicationContext) this.parentContextRef.getFactory();
}
return parentContext;
}
这个用的比较少，就不说了
configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext
protected void configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac, ServletContext sc) {
if (ObjectUtils.identityToString(wac).equals(wac.getId())) {
// The application context id is still set to its original default value
// -> assign a more useful id based on available information
String idParam = sc.getInitParameter(CONTEXT_ID_PARAM);
if (idParam != null) {
wac.setId(idParam);
}
else {
// Generate default id...
wac.setId(ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ID_PREFIX +
ObjectUtils.getDisplayString(sc.getContextPath()));
}
}
wac.setServletContext(sc);
String configLocationParam = sc.getInitParameter(CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM);
if (configLocationParam != null) {
wac.setConfigLocation(configLocationParam);
}
// The wac environment's #initPropertySources will be called in any case when the context
// is refreshed; do it eagerly here to ensure servlet property sources are in place for
// use in any post-processing or initialization that occurs below prior to #refresh
ConfigurableEnvironment env = wac.getEnvironment();
if (env instanceof ConfigurableWebEnvironment) {
((ConfigurableWebEnvironment) env).initPropertySources(sc, null);
}
customizeContext(sc, wac);
wac.refresh();
}
- 首先判断id如果还是默认的id，即ObjectUtils.identityToString(wac)，则设置id。因为在中默认id就是
AbstractApplicationContext#id=ObjectUtils.identityToString(this); - id的获取首先从
ServletContext的初始化参数中获取，获取到则使用，没获取到则产生一个默认的 - 为容器设置
ServletContext - 从
ServletContext的初始化参数中获取配置文件contextConfigLocation位置，不为空则设置
支持的格式WEB-INF/applicationContext1.xml，WEB-INF/applicationContext2.xml，也支持Ant样式的路径模式，例如：WEB-INF/Context.xml、WEB-INF/spring.xml或WEB-INF/**/*Context.xml”。如果没有明确指定，上下文实现应该使用默认位置（使用XmlWebApplicationContext:“/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml - 初始化属性设置
- 自定义容器配置customizeContext
- 刷新容器
customizeContext
protected void customizeContext(ServletContext sc, ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac) {
List<Class<ApplicationContextInitializer<ConfigurableApplicationContext>>> initializerClasses =
determineContextInitializerClasses(sc);
for (Class<ApplicationContextInitializer<ConfigurableApplicationContext>> initializerClass : initializerClasses) {
Class<?> initializerContextClass =
GenericTypeResolver.resolveTypeArgument(initializerClass, ApplicationContextInitializer.class);
if (initializerContextClass != null && !initializerContextClass.isInstance(wac)) {
throw new ApplicationContextException(String.format(
"Could not apply context initializer [%s] since its generic parameter [%s] " +
"is not assignable from the type of application context used by this " +
"context loader: [%s]", initializerClass.getName(), initializerContextClass.getName(),
wac.getClass().getName()));
}
this.contextInitializers.add(BeanUtils.instantiateClass(initializerClass));
}
AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.contextInitializers);
for (ApplicationContextInitializer<ConfigurableApplicationContext> initializer : this.contextInitializers) {
initializer.initialize(wac);
}
}
protected List<Class<ApplicationContextInitializer<ConfigurableApplicationContext>>>
determineContextInitializerClasses(ServletContext servletContext) {
List<Class<ApplicationContextInitializer<ConfigurableApplicationContext>>> classes =
new ArrayList<Class<ApplicationContextInitializer<ConfigurableApplicationContext>>>();
String globalClassNames = servletContext.getInitParameter(GLOBAL_INITIALIZER_CLASSES_PARAM);
if (globalClassNames != null) {
for (String className : StringUtils.tokenizeToStringArray(globalClassNames, INIT_PARAM_DELIMITERS)) {
classes.add(loadInitializerClass(className));
}
}
String localClassNames = servletContext.getInitParameter(CONTEXT_INITIALIZER_CLASSES_PARAM);
if (localClassNames != null) {
for (String className : StringUtils.tokenizeToStringArray(localClassNames, INIT_PARAM_DELIMITERS)) {
classes.add(loadInitializerClass(className));
}
}
return classes;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private Class<ApplicationContextInitializer<ConfigurableApplicationContext>> loadInitializerClass(String className) {
try {
Class<?> clazz = ClassUtils.forName(className, ClassUtils.getDefaultClassLoader());
if (!ApplicationContextInitializer.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
throw new ApplicationContextException(
"Initializer class does not implement ApplicationContextInitializer interface: " + clazz);
}
return (Class<ApplicationContextInitializer<ConfigurableApplicationContext>>) clazz;
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Failed to load context initializer class [" + className + "]", ex);
}
}
从ServletContext初始化参数中获取globalInitializerClasses、contextInitializerClasses这些指定的ApplicationContextInitializer并调用初始化方法
closeWebApplicationContext
完成一系列的清理工作
public void closeWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext) {
servletContext.log("Closing Spring root WebApplicationContext");
try {
if (this.context instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
((ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) this.context).close();
}
}
finally {
ClassLoader ccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
if (ccl == ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader()) {
currentContext = null;
}
else if (ccl != null) {
currentContextPerThread.remove(ccl);
}
servletContext.removeAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE);
if (this.parentContextRef != null) {
this.parentContextRef.release();
}
}
}
三、通过servletContext可以得到WebApplicationContext有什么意义吗？
前文提到initWebApplicationContext方法第四步，将容器放入了ServletContext中，这一步有什么作用呢？
假设我们有一个需求是要做首页显示。平时的代码经常是在控制器控制返回结果给前台的，那么第一页需要怎么去显示呢。抽象得到的问题是如何在一开始拿到数据，某些全局性数据如何拿到。
能想到的大致的解决方案有三种：
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1.可以通过ajx异步加载的方式请求后台数据，然后呈现出来。
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2.页面重定向的思路，先把查询请求交给控制器处理，得到查询结果后转到首页绑定数据并显示。
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3.在Ioc容器初始化的过程中，把数据查询出来，然后放在application里。
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
三种方案都能实现首页显示，不过前两种方法很大的弊端就是需要频繁操作数据库，会对数据库造成一定的压力。而同样地实现监听器逻辑的第三种方法也有弊端。就是无法实时更新，不过数据库压力相对前两种不是很大。针对无法实时更新这一问题有成熟的解决方案，可以使用定时器的思路。隔一段时间重启一次。目前来说有许多网站都是这么做的。
而对于首页这种访问量比较大的页面，如果说最好的解决方案是实现静态化技术。
我们说过“ContextLoaderListener实现了ServletContextListener接口。服务器启动时contextInitialized会被调用”。加载容器时能取出数据，那么我们需要实现这个接口。
@Service
public class CommonListener implements ServletContextListener{
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent servletContextEvent) {
//Exception sending context initialized event to listener instance of class com.walidake.listener.CommonListener java.lang.NullPointerException
System.out.println(userService.findUser());
}
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent servletContextEvent) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
}
需要注意一件事！
spring是管理逻辑层和数据访问层的依赖。而listener是web组件，那么必然不能放在spring里面。真正实例化它的应该是tomcat，在启动加载web.xml实例化的。上层的组件不可能被下层实例化得到。
因此，即使交给Spring实例化，它也没能力去帮你实例化。真正实现实例化的还是web容器。
然而NullPointerException并不是来自这个原因，我们并没有继承ContextLoader，没有Ioc容器的初始化，是无法实现依赖注入的。
因此，我们想到另一种解决方案，能不能通过new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext的方式，像测试用例那样取得Ioc容器中的bean对象。
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("classpath:spring-config.xml");
userService = context.getBean(UserService.class);
System.out.println(userService.findUser());
这种方案有个问题，额外实例化了一个容器，开销很大。至此，我们想到如果直接可以从ServletContext中获取容器该多好啊？
ApplicationContext context = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(servletContextEvent.getServletContext());
userService = context.getBean(UserService.class);
datas = userService.findUser();
servletContextEvent.getServletContext().setAttribute("datas", datas);
扫一扫
538
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
